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Sustainability and Development of Industry 5.0
Published in Pau Loke Show, Kit Wayne Chew, Tau Chuan Ling, The Prospect of Industry 5.0 in Biomanufacturing, 2021
Hui Shi Saw, Abdul Azim bin Azmi, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show
Redesign of biological systems can be done in unicellular or multicellular organisms, ranging from microorganisms, insect, plant and animal cell lines, to a fully grown plant. Techniques on the transfer of genetic material across different organisms differ, where the basic method includes obeying the transformation concept of using plasmid for gene insertion. Plasmid, an extrachromosomal genetic element not essential for growth obtained from prokaryotes is redesigned to serve as a vehicle that ferries target gene into a host, which could be a different species (Madigan et al. 2018). Under heat shock, the mechanism of plasmid DNA enters chemically induced competent E. coli, for instance in the presence of calcium chloride, would be established. Another natural tool commonly used in plants can be demonstrated by agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. Development of binary plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA carrying desired new trait can be transferred into a grown plant by agroinfiltration based on the syringe and vacuum infiltration (Chen et al. 2013).
Microorganisms
Published in Volodymyr Ivanov, Environmental Microbiology for Engineers, 2020
There are two groups of prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea. Bacteria are able to utilize light (phototrophs), inorganic substances (lithotrophs), or organic substances (heterotrophs) as an energy source for growth and reproduction. They are adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions and are major degraders of dead organic matter on Earth. Archaea comprise prokaryotes that are similar to Bacteria by cell structure and size but that differ in numerous molecular–biological properties such as the nucleotide sequence of rRNA and the chemical structure of the cell membrane and cell wall. This group includes extremophiles, i.e. prokaryotes living at one or several of the following extreme environmental conditions: absence of oxygen and low redox potential (methanogens)low (<3) pH of environment (acidophiles)high (>90°C) temperature (hyperthermophiles)high (>10% NaCl) salinity (halophiles)
The evolution of Earth as a planet
Published in Aleksey B. Ptitsyn, Lectures in Geochemistry, 2018
The first organisms, prokaryotes, appeared about 3.5 billion years ago. At an early stage, unicellular prokaryotes living on chemosynthesis and photosynthesis acted as primary producers. Little by little, they created a basis for the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere. Later, via feedbacks prokaryotes began to control the atmosphere composition, which can be regarded as the origination of the biosphere. Here again it is appropriate to quote Zavarzin (2003b): Abiotic environment is of decisive importance for the existence of life. Therefore, the Earth’s evolution must not be divided into geological and biological, although living organisms follow their own laws of evolution, for example, the law of evolution unevenness (uneven phylogenetic development), according to which the rate of evolution differs from taxon to taxon. The vital functions of primary organisms resulted in a gradually increasing content of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere, thereby contributing to the next critical event – the advent of an oxygen atmosphere.
Assessment of various colored lights on the growth pattern and secondary metabolites synthesis in Spirulina platensis
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Elnaz Sohani, Farshid Pajoum Shariati, Seyed Ramin Pajoum Shariati
Microalgae are classified as prokaryotic and eukaryotic.[1,3] These microorganisms have been living in oceans for ∼3 billion years and they were one of the first groups of organisms producing oxygen on earth.[4,5] Cyanobacteria are promising sources of various applications in different kinds of areas, such as wastewater, pharmaceutical industry or health treatment, agriculture, fuel, human food, natural dye, animal feed, cosmetics, and CO2 capturing.[1,6–8] There are one of the earliest branching groups of organisms on Earth. They are the only known prokaryotes to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis and played a crucial role in the formation of atmospheric oxygen 2.3 billion years ago.[9,10]
Influences and impacts of biofouling in SWRO desalination plants
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Tamar Jamieson, Sophie C. Leterme
Within pelagic ecosystems, key processes such as flux, cycling, and sedimentation of elements and energy have been extensively studied over the years. Rich in populations, these plankton organisms consist of bacteria, archaea, algae, protozoa, and multicellular zooplankton (Hays et al., 2005). Most oceanic pelagic systems are nutrient poor, stratified systems in which picoplankton are the dominant component of the planktonic biomass (Berglund et al., 2007). Prokaryotes make up a major component of the picoplankton biomass in marine environments and are an integral component of the microbial food web (Kiørboe et al., 1990; Sherr & Sherr, 1988; Sommer et al., 2002). This microbial loop is an essential link between dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the higher trophic levels and is made available when metabolized by bacteria. Therefore, the role of microbes within the pelagic region is to regulate the energy flow through the foodweb, thereby, limiting the export of biomass toward the benthos.