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Understanding the Interaction of Nanoparticles at the Cellular Interface
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
The Golgi apparatus is a vital organelle as it plays a crucial role in protein processing. The organelle functions as an integral unit in a cell because of its shape. Any anomaly in the condition of the Golgi apparatus is known to cause abnormalities in the cell. Once inside the cell, NPs interact with various cell organelles, one of which is the Golgi apparatus. Ma et al. have conducted a study to identify the effects of gold NPs on the Golgi apparatus [54]. Interestingly, gold NPs (50 nm) in normal rat kidney epithelial cells (NRK Line) have disrupted the calcium level inside the cell leading to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The calcium ion concentration in cell organelles plays a crucial role in maintaining organelle function and structure. Similarly, the Golgi apparatus’s configuration changed from the familiar ribbon-like design into mini stacks, which were not linked or aligned. To study the Golgi apparatus’s functioning, mannosidase II and Galactosyltransferase were selected, and cells treated with gold NPs showed a significant decrease in their production. Cluster analysis of genes expressed in control and section treated with gold NPs showed substantial expression patterns. There is a change in the regulation of integrin-mediated cellular adhesion, which plays a crucial role in cell-extracellular matrix adhesion.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
Lysosomes are organelles that break down bacteria and dead cells that have been taken into the cell. This is an intracellular ‘digestive system’ which plays an important role in specialised cells which make up the defence system of the body.
Cells and Cellular Aggregates
Published in Volodymyr Ivanov, Environmental Microbiology for Engineers, 2020
Three important organelles of eukaryotic cell are mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the nucleus. These organelles are bound by lipid membranes, which are more specifically permeable to molecules than the cytoplasmic membrane. The nucleus in eukaryotes contains the genetic material. The genome contains a number of separated DNA molecules called chromosomes. The nucleus is a place where DNA for new cells is synthesized and transcribed into mRNA. Mitochondria are organelles that generate biological forms of energy from the oxidation of low-molecular weight organic compounds. Chloroplasts are organelles assimilating light energy. The energy and reducing power generated by photosynthesis are used to convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon according to the equation: CO2+H2O+energyoflight→CH2O+O2+biologicalformsofenergy
Circular RNA expression profiles following MC-LR treatment in human normal liver cell line (HL7702) cells using high-throughput sequencing analysis
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Shuilin Zheng, Cong Wen, Shu Yang, Yue Yang, Fei Yang
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a vital organelle in eukaryotes responsible for protein biosynthesis and modification. The protein folding processing in the ER was sensitive to intracellular and extracellular stimulant resulting in the accumulation of misfolded proteins leading to ER stress (ERS) (Chong, Shastri, and Eri 2017). Akamatsu et al. (2009) suggested that ERS affected cellular homeostasis and morphology with reduction of functional proteins and induced cellular apoptosis. Qin et al. (2010) noted that ERS signaling was activated in liver and kidneys of mice after intraperitoneal injection of MC-LR. In our study, target genes of differentially expressed circRNAs induced by MC-LR were also activated by ERS signaling, suggesting the observed liver damage may also be associated with ERS signaling pathway stimulation.
Influence of microcystins-LR (MC-LR) on autophagy in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Yue Yang, Cong Wen, Shuilin Zheng, Wenya Liu, Jihua Chen, Xiangling Feng, Xiaoyan Wang, Fei Yang, Zhen Ding
Autophagy is a cell death mode which differs from apoptosis and necrosis. This physiological process enables one to handle cellular debris in which cells use lysosomes to degrade damaged organelles and macromolecules under the regulation of autophagy-related genes (Schaaf et al. 2016). Autophagy is closely related to cell growth, apoptosis, and homeostasis. Liu et al. (2018) noted that MC-LR induced endoplasmic reticulum disruption and autophagy in immortalized mouse ovarian granular KK-1 cells. This was accompanied by oxidative stress suggesting an interrelationship between enhanced oxidant reactions and autophagy in cyanotoxin-mediated cellular damage. Chen et al. (2013b) also found that MC-LR exerted adverse effects on rat Sertoli cells by inducing both autophagy and apoptosis. It was proposed that the accumulation of autophagosomes may be involved in the MC-LR-mediated apoptosis. Our findings are in agreement that the adverse effects of MC-LR on the CNS may involve enhanced autophagy.
Biochemical and transcriptional analyses of cadmium-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in human osteoblasts
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Cristina Monteiro, José Miguel P. Ferreira de Oliveira, Francisco Pinho, Verónica Bastos, Helena Oliveira, Francisco Peixoto, Conceição Santos
Mitochondria are key organelles in several cell pathways including oxidative stress, energy processing and apoptosis. Besides being the major cellular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondria are also major targets for ROS, which may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and energy decline. Mitochondria were identified as key targets of Cd-mediated toxicity in liver, brain and heart of guinea pigs (Wang et al. 2004), trout erythrocytes (Orlando et al. 2017), and neuronal cells (Xu et al. 2017). In vitro assays provide similar profiles with Cd inducing mitochondrial disorders in vero cells (Murugavel et al. 2007), rat hepatoma cells (Belyaeva et al. 2008), human hepatoma cells and rat glioma cells (Belyaeva et al. 2006; Yang, Yu, and Gupta 2014) and in isolated mitochondria (Dorta et al. 2003; Wang et al. 2004). Dai et al. (2018) detected mitochondrial swelling, vacuolation, and disruption of mitochondrial cristae in Cd-treated cells. Wang et al. (2013) in mice kidney also noted Cd induced mitochondrial membrane potential collapse.