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Biomolecules
Published in Volodymyr Ivanov, Environmental Microbiology for Engineers, 2020
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a copy of the information carried by a gene (a sequence of nucleotides coding information for the synthesis of one enzyme) on the DNA. mRNA is a sequence of nucleotides complementary to the gene sequence. mRNA is produced by a process called transcription. The role of transcribed mRNA is to transfer the portion of information from DNA to the translation tools of the cell.
Mechano(-)Synthesis
Published in Mihai V. Putz, New Frontiers in Nanochemistry, 2020
Lorentz Jäntschi, Sorana D. Bolboacă
Mech-synth is inspired from biology. It is known that the ribosome is a complex molecular machine found within all living cells that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. From here it has been binged out the idea that is possible to synthesize chemical products by using only mechanical action. In 2013, a special issue of Chemical Society Reviews (Issue 18, Volume 42) was dedicated to the theme of mechanochemistry.
Genes and Genomics
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
tRNA is a small RNA molecule (usually about 74–95 nucleotides) that transfers a specific active amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. It has a 3′ terminal site for amino acid attachment. This covalent linkage is catalyzed by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. It also contains a three-base region called the anticodon that can base pair to the corresponding three-base codon regions on mRNA. Each type of tRNA molecule can be attached to only one type of amino acid, but because the genetic code contains multiple codons that specify the same amino acid, tRNA molecules bearing different anticodons may also carry the same amino acid (Figure 2.8).
Variance-constrained filtering for discrete-time genetic regulatory networks with state delay and random measurement delay
Published in International Journal of Systems Science, 2019
Dongyan Chen, Weilu Chen, Jun Hu, Hongjian Liu
It is well known that the process of cell division involves a large number of substances, such as messenger RNA (mRNA), proteins and other small molecules. The process of gene expression from genes to proteins is mainly composed of transcription and translation (Chen & Aihara, 2002; Chen, Chen, Hu, Liang, & Dobaie, 2018). During transcription, mRNAs are synthesised from genes through the regulation of transcription factors (proteins). In translation, nucleotide sequences in mRNAs are used to synthesise proteins (Vembarasan, Nagamani, Balasubramaniam, & Park, 2013; Wan, Wang, Wu, & Liu, 2018a). The mechanisms of regulating the gene expression are called the GRNs, which are actually biochemically dynamical systems. Over the past two decades, the GRNs have gained a lot of research attention in the field of biological and biomedical sciences. A variety of models have been presented to describe the GRNs, such as the Boolean model (Somogyi & Sniegoski, 1996), the differential equation model (Smolen, Baxter, & Byrne, 2000), the Bayesian model (Friedman, Linial, Nachman, & Pe'er, 2000) and the state-space model (Wu, Zhang, & Kusalik, 2004). As we know, owing to the slow reaction processes of transcription, translation and the finite switching speed of the amplifier, the time-delay is inevitable in the GRNs (Wan, Wang, Han, & Wu, 2018; Zhang, Wu, & Cui, 2015). So far, a great number of analysis and synthesis issues for delayed GRNs have been investigated, such as stability analysis (Tu & Lu, 2006; Wan, Xu, Fang, & Yang, 2014; Wang, Wang, Nguang, Zhong, & Liu, 2016) and synchronisation problems (Jiang, Liu, Yu, & Shen, 2015; Yue et al., 2017). To be specific, some methods have been provided in Chen Aihara (2002) to analyse the local stability of GRNs with time-invariant delay. In Wang et al. (2016), the stability analysis problem has been studied for a class of GRNs with parameter uncertainties and time-varying delays, where some sufficient criteria have been presented to guarantee the robust asymptotic stability of the GRNs by using Jensen inequality and convex combination approach. In addition, the finite-time synchronisation problem has been considered in Jiang et al. (2015) for stochastic GRNs, and sufficient conditions have been given to ensure that the designed controller can synchronise the concentrations of gene products (i.e. mRNAs and proteins) under the finite-time criterion.