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RNA-Based Devices for Diagnostic and Biosensing
Published in Peixuan Guo, Kirill A. Afonin, RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics, 2022
Morgan Chandler, Kirill A. Afonin
This prevalence and constantly expanding library of RNA biomarkers is further rationale for incorporating RNA into biosensors. The human transcriptome has been shown to contain only a small percentage of protein-coding RNAs, revealing the persistence of non-coding RNAs as additional indicators of disease.4 Additionally, non-coding RNAs, which include ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, small nuclear and nucleolar RNAs, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs, to name a few, exhibit many functional roles in gene expression or post-transcriptional regulation. As advances in genomics further our understanding of how and when the profile of non-coding RNAs changes, they become more useful as therapeutic biomarkers which can indicate early disease onset and progression.1,5
Brain cancer
Published in Ruijiang Li, Lei Xing, Sandy Napel, Daniel L. Rubin, Radiomics and Radiogenomics, 2019
William D. Dunn, Rivka R. Colen
MicroRNAs are small molecules of non-coding RNA that function in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by binding to a specific sequence of a target gene.65 One interesting biomarker is the microRNA-21 and its gene target stemness regulator Sox2 axis.43 Based on the classification of glioblastoma into high miR-21/low Sox2 or low miR-21/high Sox2 sub-types, microRNA-21 and its target gene have been shown to significantly differentiate patients based on molecular, radiological, and survival characteristics.43
The Emerging Role of Exosome Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Zahra Sadat Hashemi, Mahlegha Ghavami, Saeed Khalili, Seyed Morteza Naghib
Different cells communicate with each other in their microenvironment via different ways by soluble factors and also EVs as a paracrine signalling. EVs are exocytic lipid bilayers that are heterogeneous populations of vesicles naturally released from cells and are detectable in all body fluids (e.g. serum, blood, saliva, lymph, breast milk, bile, faeces, seminal plasma, urine, and amniotic, bronchoalveolar, uterine, synovial, uterine, nasal, cerebrospinal fluids) (Yáñez-Mó et al. 2015). The highest number of EVs is known to exist in serum. It’s estimated that approximately 3 million EVs is present in each microlitre of the serum (Masyuk et al. 2013). EVs range in diameter from 30 nm to 10 micrometres. This property resulted in different EV subtypes based on their function, size, internal, and external content including microvesicles, exosomes, and apoptotic bodies (Figure 5.1). Exosomes are mostly secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (Yeo et al. 2013), macrophages, dendritic cells, B and T cells, endothelial and epithelial cells, and a variety of cancer cells (Batrakova and Kim 2015). In the mid-20th century, the existence of EVs was proved following a combined application of ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy. They were primarily assumed to be members of the cellular waste disposal system (Jella et al. 2018). But, in fact, in the past decade, the importance of EVs became apparent when they were introduced as potent vehicles to transport biological materials such as proteins (such as cytokines, receptors, or their ligands), nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, and DNA), lipids, and metabolites from the parent cells. As non-coding RNA molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are involved inRNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression (Hashemi et al. 2018a; Hashemi et al. 2019; Hashemi et al. 2018b; Rezaei et al. 2020; Choghaei et al. 2016).
The individual and combined effects of spaceflight radiation and microgravity on biologic systems and functional outcomes
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2021
Jeffrey S. Willey, Richard A. Britten, Elizabeth Blaber, Candice G.T. Tahimic, Jeffrey Chancellor, Marie Mortreux, Larry D. Sanford, Angela J. Kubik, Michael D. Delp, Xiao Wen Mao
Maintenance of stemness during microgravity exposure has also been demonstrated in several other stem cell populations including cardiovascular progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic (HSCs), and adipose derived stem cells. Specifically, studies using neonatal and adult cardiovascular progenitor cells exposed to microgravity on ISS and simulated microgravity in a clinostat resulted in altered cytoskeletal organization and migration in both cell populations.215,216 Several of these responses were found to be regulated by miRNAs, thereby indicating that miRNAs may be a key mediator of the cellular response to spaceflight exposure.215–217 MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved non-coding RNA molecules that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They function via base-pairing with complementary strands of mRNA, in turn silencing them by cleavage, destabilization, or hindering translation. Furthermore, the authors found reduced yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and Tafazzin (TAZ) signaling that can function to regulate transcription and is affected by mechanical load.217 Neonatal but not adult cardiovascular progenitor cells exposed to spaceflight exhibited increased expression of markers for early cardiovascular development and enhanced proliferative potential, possibly mediated through miRNA signaling.215,216
Involvement of MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway in microcystin-induced microfilament reorganization in HL7702 hepatocytes
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Fei Yang, Cong Wen, Shuilin Zheng, Shu Yang, Jihua Chen, Xiangling Feng
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of non-coding RNAs composed of processed products of approximately 22–25 nucleotides in length, which play a key role in down-regulation of target gene expression by imperfectly binding to the 3′-untranslated regions (UTR) of mRNA. miRNA are crucial in cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and tumorigenesis and development (Judice et al. 2016). Previously Xu et al. (2012) found in vitro that chronic MC-LR exposure altered miRNA expression profile of hepatic WRL-68 cells and produced phenotypic transformation. Further, Chen et al. (2018) noted that the miRNA expression profile was significantly altered in MC-LR hepatocyte L02 treated cells after 24 hr incubation. In vivo Zhao, Xie, and Fan (2012) performed miRNA microarray analyses in liver tissue after intraperitoneal (ip) injection daily of MC-LR in mice for 28 days. Data demonstrated that the expression levels of several miRNA including miR-34a and miR-21were elevated. These results showed that miRNA are involved in MC-LR-induced hepatic toxicity. However, the mechanisms underlying MC-LR-mediated alterations in miRNA-induced cytoskeletal reorganization remain to be determined.
MicroRNAs diagnostic and prognostic value as predictive markers for malignant mesothelioma
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2020
Elena Sturchio, Maria Grazia Berardinelli, Priscilla Boccia, Miriam Zanellato, Silvia Gioiosa
In recent years there has been a growing interest to investigate the role of miRNAs, a large class of small non-coding RNAs which turn out to be differentially expressed during the development and progression of various diseases including tumors, suggesting their utility as clinical biomarkers. Potential targets of these deregulated miRNAs are tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes and genes involved in specific signaling pathways.21–23 A wide range of deregulated miRNAs have been proposed as appropriate MPM markers, including the signature of the miR-score with prognostic significance, as well as different approaches based on proteomic technology.24