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Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Pancreas is large gland located in the abdominal cavity. The pancreas produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes; also serves as an endocrine gland; secreting the hormone insulin and glucagons.
Phytofabrication of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica and its potential anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activity
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2023
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine metabolic disorder marked by persistent hyperglycemia caused by insulin secretion failure and/or cellular resistance. As a result, it causes significant micro and macro vascular problems including multiple organ failures. As a result, finding novel therapies is a huge challenge from the standpoint of public health (Vijayakumar et al. 2021). For the treatment of diabetes, various oral hypoglycemic agents are available but these agents have been linked to numerous drawbacks, including hypoglycemia, pancreatic degeneration, and liver impairment (Deng et al. 2019). Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase are digestive enzymes that help in the digestion of carbohydrates and the absorption of glucose. Inhibition of glucose absorption is one of the most important techniques used to treat diabetes by targeting digestive enzymes by inhibiting their mode of action. Natural inhibitors, such as those found in various plants, are of great interest because of their inhibitory capability against target enzymes, which might be linked to certain phenols present in plants (Rehana et al. 2017).
Evaluation of antioxidation, regulation of glycolipid metabolism and potential as food additives of exopolysaccharide from Sporidiobolus pararoseus PFY-Z1
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Di Xue, Fangyi Pei, Henan Liu, Zhenyan Liu, Yuchao Liu, Lei Qin, Yinzhuo Xie, Changli Wang
In the in vitro digestion model, the most commonly used biological molecules are digestive enzymes, including trypsin, pepsin, chymotrypsin, peptidase, α-amylase, and lipase. In the present study, inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity to reduce the intake of sugars produced by carbohydrate hydrolysis is an indirect way to control diabetes.[36,39] As shown in Figure 4, when the concentration of SPZ was in the range of 0–1.5 mg/mL, the inhibition effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase was concentration-dependent, and the maximum abilities were 50.42 ± 1.54% (1.5 mg/mL) and 62.29 ± 1.02% (1.5 mg/mL), respectively. In addition, the inhibition effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase was lower than the positive control acarbose, which is recognized as a drug with good hypoglycemic effects, but studies have shown that acarbose has certain side effects and dependence.[39] Therefore, SPZ may represent an alternative because of its multiple therapeutic effects and minimal side effects. Furthermore, when the concentration was 1.5–2 mg/mL, the influence of the SPZ concentration on the inhibition effect of α-amylase and α-glucosidase was not significant (p > 0.05), which is consistent with the results of the polysaccharide derived from Lonicera caerulea L. pomace, and the polysaccharide from Annona squamosa residue.[36,39] This is because, when the EPS was present in a low concentration, the enzyme level was excessive, and each EPS molecule could combine with the enzyme molecule to inhibit the activity of the enzyme. When the concentration reached a certain value, all the enzyme molecules had combined with the EPS, and when the concentration of EPS was increased, the inhibition rate was not increased significantly.[40,43,48] Thus, the optimal inhibition concentration of SPZ in α-amylase and α-glucosidase was 1.5 mg/mL. Moreover, compared with fresh okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus (L.) Moench) polysaccharide OPS-50 (52.17% ± 0.89%), the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of SPZ was 18.86% higher.[35] It can be seen that SPZ has a good hypoglycemic effect in vitro, and has clear development potential in medicine and food.