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Using Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Product Design and Development
Published in Harish Kumar Banga, Rajesh Kumar, Parveen Kalra, Rajendra M. Belokar, Additive Manufacturing with Medical Applications, 2023
Najla Bentrad, Asma Hamida-Ferhat
The concept of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering focuses mainly on the development of usable tissues and organs to regenerate diseased or weakened tissues and organs, or to create new tissues and organs (Figure 16.1). The integration of three-dimensional printing/bioprinting, big data and computer algorithms with regenerative medicine and tissue engineering is revolutionising medical treatment (Dzobo et al., 2019). Significant attention has been paid to the latest developments in 3DP technologies and the application of this technology to the construction of bionic structures of many tissues and organs, including blood vessels, heart, liver, and cartilage (Zhang et al., 2017). Using different configurations and combinations of extracellular matrix (ECM), cells and inductive biomolecules, the damaged and diseased tissues and organs can potentially be regenerated or formed (Dzobo et al., 2019). The various formats used in the tissue bioengineering area are summarised in this book chapter and demonstrate the difference between in vitro 3D-printing models and standard cell culture techniques.
Magnetic Nanoparticles: Challenges and Opportunities in Drug Delivery
Published in Jeffrey N. Anker, O. Thompson Mefford, Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Particles, 2020
Allan E. David, Mahaveer S. Bhojani, Adam J. Cole
Not only is the blood vessel formation abnormal in tumors, but the composition of the basement membrane of tumor vessels is also distinct from their normal counterpart. The basement membrane is formed primarily of collagen and other glycoproteins, and serves to envelop the endothelial cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells. This, together with the interstitial matrix, forms the extracellular matrix (ECM), which provides mechanical support to the cells. Compared to normal tissue, the ECM in tumors has an aberrantly higher density and stiffness (Jain 1987). It has also been demonstrated that tumors have a relatively higher interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). The dense ECM and high IFP in tumors can both serve as barriers that inhibit the free diffusion of MNPs into the tumor mass, thus limiting the penetration of most therapeutic molecules, and nanoparticles, to the periphery of the tumor volume close to the vasculature. In general, MNPs of smaller hydrodynamic diameter can be expected to penetrate the extracellular space more rapidly than similar larger particles. Surface properties and the strength of interaction between MNPs and cells and extracellular matrix are also important determinants of tumor penetration. MNPs that bind strongly to cells, or the matrix, tend to get “stuck” on the perimeter of the tumor, while those with a weaker interaction could penetrate deeper, but may also offer limited residence time for drug release within the tumor.
The Extracellular Matrix as a Substrate for Stem Cell Growth and Development and Tissue Repair
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Stephen F. Badylak, Mervin C. Yoder
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex mixture of structural and functional proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans arranged in a unique, tissue specific three-dimensional ultrastructure. The structure and the composition of the ECM are both a product of the cells that populate the matrix and a determining factor in the phenotype of these cells. A “dynamic reciprocity” exists between the cells and the ECM that is in part dependent upon the local environment of each tissue.1-3 Age, mechanical loading and microenvironment are all factors that can affect the ligands that reside within the ECM and in turn affect behavior of the resident cell population including gene expression. The resultant three dimensional ultrastructure of each tissue ECM is, therefore, likely distinctive and specific. The ECM that surrounds undifferentiated progenitor cell populations is poorly understood and existing knowledge is largely an extension of what has been learned from in vitro studies and the reported effects of selected growth substrates upon embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation patterns. The present chapter will briefly review the composition and function of the ECM that surrounds mature cells and organs, developing embryonic cells, and the relationship of selected ECM components to the growth and differentiation of such embryonic stem cells.
Synthesis of Persea americana extract based hybrid nanoflowers as a new strategy to enhance hyaluronidase and gelatinase inhibitory activity and the evaluation of their toxicity potential
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Emrah Bor, Ufuk Koca Caliskan, Ceren Anlas, Goksen Dilsat Durbilmez, Tulay Bakirel, Nalan Ozdemir
Since the skin is constantly exposed to the external factors and serve as a protective barrier against the environment, it is more susceptible to damage than other organs.[1] The dermal extracellular matrix (ECM), which is comprises the bulk of skin, provides structural support to tissues and mainly consists of two components: fibrous proteins and glycosaminoglycans.[2] Hyaluronic acid (HA) is the predominant glycosaminoglycan found in the ECM of connective tissues that provides the elasticity and stability of ECM, regulates proliferation and differentiation of cells, and plays an important role in inflammation and wound healing.[2,3] Degradation of HA in ECM by hyaluronidase enzyme causes disruption of structural integrity and increased tissue permeability.[4] Therefore, inhibition of hyaluronidase activity contributes to the maintenance of the structural integrity of ECM by preventing rapid degradation of HA and is considered an important approach to treat a variety of health conditions, including skin disorders.[4,5]
3D PCL/fish collagen composite scaffolds incorporating osteogenic abalone protein hydrolysates for bone regeneration application: in vitro and in vivo studies
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Gun-Woo Oh, Van-Tinh Nguyen, Seong-Yeong Heo, Seok-Chun Ko, Chang Su Kim, Won Sun Park, Il-Whan Choi, Won-Kyo Jung
Collagen is a natural polymer found in skin, bone, tendons, and ligaments, a broad and abundant source of natural hydrocolloids [8]. It is the main component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of most tissue types and plays a crucial role in cell adhesion and proliferation [9]. For many years, animal collagen has been used in medicine and TE, but this has been threatened by the potential transmission of various bovine disease [10]. As a result, fish collagen has recently been suggested as an alternative to conventional bovine and porcine collagen for cell and tissue cultures [11]. Fish collagen is usually extracted from the skin, bone, and scales of fish and has been widely used as food, in the cosmetic industry, and in medicine [12, 13]. It demonstrates excellent biocompatibility with lower cytotoxic effects, lower immunogenicity, a degree of biodegradability, and no risk of bovine disease transmission. Hadzik et al. reported that fish collagen is as effective as porcine collagen in the specifically enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in a chondrogenic medium [14].
A review on the recent progress, opportunities, and challenges of 4D printing and bioprinting in regenerative medicine
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Parvin Pourmasoumi, Armaghan Moghaddam, Saba Nemati Mahand, Fatemeh Heidari, Zahra Salehi Moghaddam, Mohammad Arjmand, Ines Kühnert, Benjamin Kruppke, Hans-Peter Wiesmann, Hossein Ali Khonakdar
Tissues are collections of similar cells that do a specific job together. Each tissue contains an extracellular matrix (ECM) in which cells are located. This complex three-dimensional network is a dynamic system that transmits biochemical and mechanical signals from the microenvironment to cells and influences cell behavior and is composed mainly of collagen and elastic fibers [1]. Despite the complexity of ECMs, using the knowledge of three-dimensional (3 D) printers and adding layer by layer materials to form the final shape, an extracellular matrix can be obtained and used to regenerate damaged tissues. 3 D printing mainly involves using 3 D software to establish a model; the model is imported into slicing software, and a 3 D printer is used to print the model [2].