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Endocrine system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Hyperparathyroidism causes hypercalcaemia (high serum calcium) resulting in a range of non-specific clinical symptoms including: Fatigue and depression.Feeling thirsty and passing a lot of urine.Nausea and anorexia.Muscle weakness.Constipation.Abdominal pain.Loss of concentration and confusion.
Considerations for ultra-endurance activities: part 2 – hydration
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2019
Martin D. Hoffman, Trent Stellingwerff, Ricardo J.S. Costa
Thirst is an evolutionarily developed stimulus that serves to regulate plasma osmolality and blood volume (Fitzsimons, 1998). While the concept that thirst provides an adequate stimulus to maintain proper hydration during exercise is still challenged (Armstrong, Johnson, & Bergeron, 2016), past recommendations emphasizing that thirst is an inadequate stimulus for maintaining proper hydration were largely intended for situations in which hypohydration might develop rapidly from high sweat rates associated with high exercise intensities (Hew-Butler et al., 2015), which is irrelevant during prolonged lower-intensity ultra-endurance activities. Ample evidence now demonstrates that “drinking to thirst” during ultra-endurance activities, even under hot ambient conditions, will allow maintenance of proper hydration (Costa, Gill, Hankey, Wright, & Marczak, 2014; Costa et al., 2013b; Dempster, Britton, Murray, & Costa, 2013; Hoffman & Stuempfle, 2014, 2016b; Nolte, Noakes, & Van Vuuren, 2011; Tam, Nolte, & Noakes, 2011) and attenuate thermal and circulatory strain (Armstrong et al., 1997). Other studies have also demonstrated that drinking to thirst during prolonged exercise does not impair performance compared with a higher volume of fluid intake (Backes & Fitzgerald, 2016; Backx, Van Someren, & Palmer, 2003; Dion, Savoie, Asselin, Gariepy, & Goulet, 2013; Dugas, Oosthuizen, Tucker, & Noakes, 2009; Holland, Skinner, Irwin, Leveritt, & Goulet, 2017; Lee et al., 2014; Lopez et al., 2016). In other words, proper fluid intake during prolonged exercise can generally be achieved by simply drinking water or other hypotonic fluids based on the dictates of thirst assuming there is access to fluids when thirst is present.