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Appropriate Interventions and Technologies for Providing Safe Drinking Water to Rural and Underprivileged Communities
Published in I. M. Mujtaba, R. Srinivasan, N. O. Elbashir, The Water–Food–Energy Nexus, 2017
Ligy Philip, Bhallamudi S. Murty
Water is an essential commodity for human well-being. The World Health Organization (Howard and Bartram, 2003) has estimated that a person needs at least 7.5 L of water per day for drinking, food, and personal hygiene. A person requires 50 L of water per day to meet other needs. A poor water supply can affect health either directly or indirectly. Incidents of many water-connected diseases can be reduced noticeably by providing sufficient quantity of potable water (Fewtrell et al., 2005). Pathogens from human and animal excreta are transmitted through soil, surface and groundwater, and by hands, flies, and other vectors (Figure 3.1). Finally, humans get exposed to these pathogens either through consumption of contaminated water, food, or through unsanitary contact.
Water and beverage consumption habits of adults in Turkey by gender and BMI: a cross-sectional survey
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Merve Pehlivan, Neda Saleki, Fatma Elif Sezer, Fatmanur Özyürek, Büşranur Delice, Hilal Hızlı Güldemir
Drinking high amounts of water is commonly associated with weight loss; however, there was only limited scientific evidence to justify this association until recently. Some studies on this subject matter support this association by concluding that there is a positive correlation between water consumption, body weight management, and body composition, although the exact mechanisms responsible for these effects remain unclear (Dennis et al. 2010; Parretti et al. 2015). It has been suggested that water consumption increases the rate of lipolysis and energy expenditure through sympathetic stimulation and induction of thermogenesis (Boschmann et al. 2004, 2007). In addition, the short-term effects of water consumption include increased satiety and, consequently, a decreased feeling of hunger (Dennis et al. 2009). Our study results have demonstrated that total water and beverage consumption has a positive and significant relationship with BMI, body weight, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio.
Monitoring of arsenic in drinking water of high schools and assessment of carcinogenic health risk in Multan, Pakistan
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Matin Gul, Ahmad Farooq Mashhadi, Zafar Iqbal, Tahir Imran Qureshi
Water is essential component of human body for human survival after oxygen and all human body have 40–60% water by weight. The water meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines or regulatory authority of respective countries is considered as safe and potable water for drinking. Availability of potable safe water is basic right of humans. However most of the population in world typically in developing countries is deprive from this basic right. In Pakistan piped water is available to 30% population only which is seldom analyzed for drinking water parameters completely. In Pakistan 70% population is consuming water of unidentified quality (Qureshi 2011). About 20–30% beds in hospitals are occupied the patients of water borne diseases and infant mortality rate is 12.5% in Pakistan (Nickson 2001). In developed countries like USA and France, the infant mortality rate is 1% due to provision of safe potable water to 91% population (Qureshi 2011). On one side Pakistan is water stressed country and on the other hand the situation of drinking water quality is very alarming and is at the bottom line country (GOP 2018; Qureshi 2011). Water human needs depend upon the physical activity, climatic conditions and social system (Qureshi 2011).