China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
Ingestion – when a substance enters the body orally, it is usually absorbed through the gut (gastrointestinal system) and this may occur in the stomach or in the small or large intestines. Once absorbed, the substance is taken by the blood vessels draining the intestine to the liver where enzymes present may metabolise the substance to a more water-soluble species and this may result in a less toxic (detoxified) or more toxic (activated) substance.
Product: Alfa-Tox
Published in Charles R. Foden, Jack L. Weddell, First Responder’s Guide to Agricultural Chemical Accidents, 2018
Charles R. Foden, Jack L. Weddell
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION: Product may cause eye and skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin. If product inhaled symptoms may include headache, nosebleed, sore throat and coughing. Symptoms of ingestion may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and severe irritation of the mouth, throat, and esophagus, followed by kidney failure and other internal organ involvement. May be harmful or fatal.A physician should be contacted if anyone develops any signs or symptoms and suspects that they are caused by exposure to this product.
Oils, Plasticizers, Lubricants, Solvents, and Mold Release Agents
Published in Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Hazardous Chemicals in the Polymer Industry, 2017
Short-term Toxicity: Inhalation: Human exposure to levels above 350 ppm caused irritation of the nose and throat. Numbness in fingers, arms, and legs accompanied by headache, nausea, vomiting, and fainting have occurred after exposure to levels of 300 to 600 ppm. Skin: Contact with liquid or vapor at levels of 300 to 600 ppm caused severe irritation. Liquid is absorbed readily and may cause numbing of fingers and arms. Eyes: Exposure to levels of 200 ppm produced irritation. Ingestion: Can cause irritation of the mouth, throat, and stomach, the severity of which will depend on amount swallowed. Symptoms of poisoning include nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and diarrhea. Death can occur from ingestion of as little as 1 oz. (NYDH)
Contamination of fresh vegetables in municipal stores with pathogenic Acanthamoeba genotypes; a public health concern
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Marziye Fatemi, Maryam Niyyati, Soheila Rouhani, Seyed Ahmad Karamati, Hamed Mirjalali, Panagiotis Karanis
We also postulate that contact with fresh produce can serve as an important source for exposure to Acanthamoeba and transfer of cysts to the eye and/or skin ulcers, leading to serious infections such as amoebic keratitis, disseminated acanthamoebiasis, and brain disease. However, the source of contamination of vegetables is often unknown. Most likely, the source of contamination could potentially be soil and irrigation water used in farming. Farmers and people handling vegetables should be aware of the risk of such exposures. The most common route of infection with Acanthamoeba for humans is contact lenses or the lower respiratory tract. However, more studies are needed to better understand the implications of the gastrointestinal tract via oral ingestion as a possible route of exposure to FLAs.
Fragmented fibre (including microplastic) pollution from textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2021
Alma V. Palacios-Marín, Muhammad Tausif
FFs have been found in products sold for human consumption, including drinking water, sea salt, seafood, sugar and beer, with clothing as a likely source (Liebezeit & Liebezeit, 2014; Singh et al., 2020; Sol et al., 2021). Additionally, these particles may enter into the human food supply after being ingested by marine organisms (Hartline et al., 2016; Pirc et al., 2016; Cesa et al., 2017; Rios Mendoza et al., 2018). For instance, shellfish represents the principal source of FF in a dietary pathway to human exposure (Wright & Kelly, 2017). An average of 7500 synthetic FF per year has been estimated to be ingested by an adult only via tap water (Sol et al., 2021). MP found in human stool evidences the ingestion and passage through the gastrointestinal tract of these particles (Mohamed Nor, Kooi, Diepens, & Koelmans, 2021). Even if humans do not directly consume fibres, the chemicals detached from FF may be transferred to the upper nutrients rank through the food chain. Moreover, FF can also carry parasites and other pathogenic microorganisms (Singh et al., 2020).
Progresses and emerging trends of arsenic research in the past 120 years
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Chengjun Li, Jiahui Wang, Bing Yan, Ai-Jun Miao, Huan Zhong, Wei Zhang, Lena Qiying Ma
The fates of arsenic compounds have been extensively studied in terrestrial ecosystems. Arsenic compounds, after ingestion, are effectively incorporated from the gastrointestinal tract. In animals (Charbonneau et al., 1978) and humans (Crecelius, 1977), arsenate can be reduced to arsenite in the blood. The resulting arsenite mainly accumulates in the liver and is metabolized by a sequence of reduction and oxidative methylation (Vahter & Norin, 1980). Specifically, iAs is methylated to form monomethylarsonic acid (MMAIII) and dymethylarsinic acid (DMAIII) (Buchet et al., 1980; Yamauchi & Yamamura, 1983). Then, arsenic is excreted mostly by urine as a mixture of arsenic originating from foodstuffs and arsenic metabolized in vivo (Yamato, 1988). Further studies have suggested that in certain species, but not in humans, DMA can be converted into trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) during oxidative methylation (Khairul et al., 2017).