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Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The next major subdivision encountered is the diencephalon, consisting mainly of the thalamus, the hypothalamus just below the thalamus, including the posterior part of the pituitary gland, and the pineal gland. The thalamus constitutes about 80% of the diencephalon by volume and processes all sensory signals on their way to the cerebral cortex, with the exception of olfactory signals. It is involved in regulating sleep and wakefulness, arousal, and awareness. Its functions are discussed in Chapter 12. The hypothalamus is a regulatory center for several metabolic, autonomic, and behavioral responses, including body temperature, fluid and electrolytic balance, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, circadian rhythms, sexual activity, and emotional responses such as anger, fear, and pleasure. It controls endocrine function through the pituitary gland. The pineal gland produces melatonin, which regulates the circadian rhythm, that is, the night and day cycle.
Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The endocrine system, a collection of glands located throughout the body, secretes hormones (chemical products that target specific organs or tissues in the body) directly into the bloodstream. Insulin, secreted by specialized cells of the pancreas (a digestive system component located near the posterior body wall of the abdomen), is an example of a hormone. It is necessary for the body to properly process and use sugars from the diet. A deficit of natural insulin or insulin function causes the disease diabetes. The endocrine system controls other essential body functions, like the female menstrual cycle, sperm and egg production, and pregnancy. The designer may not design specifically for the glandular structures of the endocrine system but may design products for the areas of the body that are affected by the system, such as feminine hygiene products to absorb menstrual blood.
Hazardous Chemical Substances
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld, Environmental Policy and Public Health, 2017
Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld
Toxicology as a science and an academic discipline has evolved slowly over the twentieth century. Early studies were simply mortality investigations. Gradually over the middle- and late-twentieth century, the science began to incorporate studies of putative toxic substances on induction of cancer, mutations, adverse reproduction, and effects on other organ systems, e.g., respiratory and neurologic. In the late twentieth century, work by Dr. Theo Colborn (1927−2014), an environmental scientist with the World Wildlife Fund, identified adverse effects of some environmental toxicants on the endocrine system [34]. As observed by Colborn and colleagues, “The endocrine system is involved in every stage of life, including conception, development in the womb and from birth throughout early life, puberty, adulthood, and senescence. It does this through control of the other vital systems that orchestrate metabolism, immune function, reproduction, intelligence and behavior, etc. The endocrine system acts through signaling molecules, including hormones such as estrogens, androgens, thyroid hormones, and insulin, as well as brain neurotransmitters and immune cytokines (which are also hormones) and other signaling molecules in the body” [46]. The endocrine system consists of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females), and testicles (in males).
Phytofabrication of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica and its potential anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activity
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2023
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine metabolic disorder marked by persistent hyperglycemia caused by insulin secretion failure and/or cellular resistance. As a result, it causes significant micro and macro vascular problems including multiple organ failures. As a result, finding novel therapies is a huge challenge from the standpoint of public health (Vijayakumar et al. 2021). For the treatment of diabetes, various oral hypoglycemic agents are available but these agents have been linked to numerous drawbacks, including hypoglycemia, pancreatic degeneration, and liver impairment (Deng et al. 2019). Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase are digestive enzymes that help in the digestion of carbohydrates and the absorption of glucose. Inhibition of glucose absorption is one of the most important techniques used to treat diabetes by targeting digestive enzymes by inhibiting their mode of action. Natural inhibitors, such as those found in various plants, are of great interest because of their inhibitory capability against target enzymes, which might be linked to certain phenols present in plants (Rehana et al. 2017).
Quality and safety of South African hand sanitisers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
W. de Bruin, M. C. van Zijl, N. H. Aneck-Hahn, L. Korsten
Excipients may also have endocrine-disruptive properties. The endocrine system regulates all biological processes in the body, including growth, reproduction, and metabolism. Endocrine disruptors are linked to neurological and behavioural disorders, obesity and metabolic dysfunction, reproductive disorders, and hormone-sensitive cancers (WHO/UNEP 2013). Endocrine disruptors that may be present in hand sanitisers include triclosan, benzophenone-4, and nonylphenol. Triclosan can be absorbed by the skin and has been detected in blood, urine, and breast milk samples. Various in vivo and/or in vitro studies demonstrated the estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic, and anti-thyroid activities of triclosan, benzophenone-4, and nonylphenol (Kunz and Fent 2006; Olaniyan et al. 2016).
Progress in spray-drying of protein pharmaceuticals: Literature analysis of trends in formulation and process attributes
Published in Drying Technology, 2021
Joana T. Pinto, Eva Faulhammer, Johanna Dieplinger, Michael Dekner, Christian Makert, Marco Nieder, Amrit Paudel
A number of endocrine hormones are polypeptides and are vital for regulating biological processes such as metabolism, reproduction, ion balance as well as development and growth.[76] Insulin was the first therapeutically approved peptide to treat Diabetes Mellitus I and was/is available as an injectable liquid formulation.[77] The approval of the spray-dried insulin for inhalation (Exubera® Pfizer) in 2006 made spray-drying of large biological molecules a palpable reality. Since then, spray-drying of many other peptide hormones such as human growth hormone,[24,78–84] octreotide acetate,[85] parathyroid hormone[86,87], salmon calcitonin,[88,89] and ceterolix-acetate[90] have been highly investigated and some have been approved (i.e. triptorelin pamoate and lanreotide acetate).