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Machine Learning Approach with Data Normalization Technique for Early Stage Detection of Hypothyroidism
Published in Mitul Kumar Ahirwal, Narendra D. Londhe, Anil Kumar, Artificial Intelligence Applications for Health Care, 2022
Madhusudan G. Lanjewar, Rajesh K. Parate, Jivan S. Parab
The thyroid is a little gland in the neck region that produces thyroid hormones. It may produce hormones in large quantities or little. Hypothyroidism is a condition wherein the thyroid gland is unable to release sufficient amounts of thyroid hormones. These hormones help control the metabolism of the body and further affect how the body uses energy. Lacking the accurate amount of thyroid hormones, the body's normal functions start to impede, and the body faces changes each day. The symptoms are mood swings, happiness, sadness, fatigue, depression, constipation, feeling cold, weight gain, muscle weakness, dryness, thinning hair, and slowed heart rate. Hyperthyroidism is a situation when the thyroid gland makes excessive thyroid hormones [1]. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism are nervousness, restlessness, inability to concentrate, increased appetite, difficulty sleeping, itching, hair loss, nausea, and vomiting. For diagnosis, entire medical history and physical tests like free T4, T3, cholesterol, and TSH tests are required. As these tests produce a large amount of data, ML can be used for finding crucial features from a large amount of data. Due to this ML can be used in combination with medical science for accurate diagnosis of hypothyroidism disease [2].
Inorganic Chemicals in Drinking Water
Published in Joseph Cotruvo, Drinking Water Quality and Contaminants Guidebook, 2019
Iodine is an essential nutrient that is toxic, but only at high doses. Iodide or iodate are provided in nutritional supplement tablets to compliment inadequate dietary intake, and used to treat hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormones, triiodothyroxine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) are important in protein synthesis, enzymatic activity and metabolism, as well as for neurological and skeletal development in fetuses and infants. Dietary iodide is transported in the blood stream to the thyroid by the NIS (sodium iodide symporter protein). Many other common anions such as perchlorate, bromate, bromide, thiocyanate, and nitrate are also transported competitively by the same transporter. Inadequate iodine intake can result in thyroid hormone deficiency, and goiter, so it is essential that there be sufficient iodine daily consumption of iodine species to compensate.
Assessment of Quercetin Isolated from Enicostemma Littorale Against Few Cancer Targets: An in Silico Approach
Published in A. K. Haghi, Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, Lionello Pogliani, Devrim Balköse, Francisco Torrens, Omari V. Mukbaniani, Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2017
Thyroid cancer is a thyroid neoplasm that is malignant. It can be treated with radioactive iodine or chemotherapy. Most often the first symptom of thyroid cancer is a nodule in the thyroid region of the neck. However, many adults have small nodules in their thyroids, but typically fewer than 5% of these nodules are found to be malignant. Sometimes the first sign is an enlarged lymph node, followed by pain in the anterior region of the neck and changes in voice.31 Thyroid nodules are of particular concern when they are found in those under the age of 20. The presentation of benign nodules at this age is less likely, and thus the potential for malignancy is far greater. It is reported that in 10,740 men and 33,930 women, around 1690 men and women were dead and diagnosed of cancer during 2010. But as the cancer grows, difficulty in swallowing or breathing, a benign goiter, hyperthyroidism, or hypothyroidism will be developed.
In situ characterization of human fingernails by optical front-face fluorescence for the identification of primary hypothyroidism
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2023
Mohamed Nakkach, Rihem Nouir, Imen Cherni, Mehdi Somaï, Fatma Daoued, Besma Ben Dhaou, Fatma Boussema, Sami Hamzaoui, Hassen Ghalila
Hypothyroidism is a chronic disease in which the thyroid gland produces insufficient hormone to meet peripheral tissue needs. Primary hypothyroidism (PH) refers to thyroid failure resulting from a disease of the thyroid gland and accounts for more than 99% of all cases.[1] The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism (OH) in the general population varies between 0.3% and 3.7% in the USA and between 0.2% and 5.3% in Europe.[2–6] Differences in iodine status affect the prevalence of hypothyroidism, which occurs more frequently in both populations with relatively high iodine intake and populations with severe iodine deficiency.[7,8] OH occurs when serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are higher than 4.5 mIU/L and thyroxine (T4) levels (free and total T4) are below the population reference range.[9] Most symptoms attributed to hypothyroidism are common in the general population and are nonspecific. The most common symptoms of hypothyroidism in adults are fatigue, lethargy, cold intolerance, constipation, hoarseness, weight gain, and dry skin. Less common symptoms of hypothyroidism include nail changes, anemia, and various neurological, musculoskeletal, and metabolic symptoms.[1,10] Other symptoms in hypothyroidism are onycholysis and slow-growing and thin nails.[11]
Nexus between perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) and human thyroid dysfunction: A systematic review evidenced from laboratory investigations and epidemiological studies
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Weiping Xie, Wei Zhong, Brice M. R. Appenzeller, Jianqing Zhang, Muhammad Junaid, Nan Xu
Thyroid cancer is a common endocrine malignancy, which develops from the tissues of the thyroid gland. As the worst thyroid outcome for patients with thyroid dysfunction, thyroid cancer produces a heavy disease burden. It was reported as the sixth and fourth leading cancer (among various cancer types) among women in the U.S. and China, respectively, and the leading cancer among young Chinese women < 30 years (Chen, Li, et al., 2018; Siegel et al., 2019). Thyroid cancer is approximately three times more common in females than in males (Liu et al., 2020), and this sex-specific disparity is similar to that mentioned earlier for PFC exposure (see Section 3.3.2). Several environmental and genetic predisposing factors may be involved in the induction of thyroid cancer, albeit significant uncertainty remains regarding its causes. Traditional epidemiological studies and laboratory experiments did not reveal a statistically significant association between human exposure to PFCs (PFOA/PFOS) and thyroid cancer incidence (Melzer et al., 2010; Shah-Kulkarni et al., 2016; Tian, Zhou, et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2013).
Effective K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithms Performance Analysis of Thyroid Disease
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2021
Hafiz Abbad Ur Rehman, Chyi-Yeu Lin, Zohaib Mushtaq
The thyroid gland is found on the verge of the neck and is responsible for secreting thyroid hormones which play an important role in the metabolism of the human body (Amercian Thyroid Association 2020a). When this gland secretes an excessive amount of hormone, this is called hyperthyroidism. Whereas, inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones results in hypothyroidism (Shroff et al. 2015). In hyperthyroidism, due to an abnormally high amount of secretion, metabolism of the human body is fast, and a person may experience symptoms such as rapid weight loss, irregular heartbeat, and elevated blood pressure (Medline Plus 2020a): On the other hand, hypothyroidism occurs due to insufficient hormone secretion which may result in a person experiencing slow metabolism, weight gain, low pulse rate, and low blood pressure as its symptoms (Medline Plus 2020b). To identify the thyroid disease, a physician usually performs a blood test to measure the T4, T3, and TSH hormone levels (Pal, Anand, and Dubey 2018; Amercian Thyroid Association 2020b).