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Principles of Physics
Published in Arthur T. Johnson, Biology for Engineers, 2019
Metabolism is the sum of conversion processes whereby useful energy is produced, chemical compounds are changed, and the organism is maintained in a healthy state. Thus, metabolism includes anabolism, catabolism, and the conversion of chemical energy to muscular work, among other things. The metabolic cost of useful work is often called physiological work, which is equivalent to the required energy term in Equation 2.4.4.
Hot and Cold Environments: Temperature Extremes
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Indirect calorimetry evaluates metabolic heat by measuring oxygen consumption. The worker breathes workroom air, but exhaled air is collected in a flexible container. The volume of air exhaled, as well as its oxygen content can be measured. Thus, oxygen consumption can be measured in the field. This can be conducted for specific tasks, or for specified time periods during a work day. However, this process is highly impractical in field situations.
Catabolite Regulation of the Main Metabolism
Published in Kazuyuki Shimizu, Metabolic Regulation and Metabolic Engineering for Biofuel and Biochemical Production, 2017
The living organisms on earth survive by manipulating the cell system in response to the change in growth environment by sensing signals of both external and internal states of the cell. The complex signaling networks interconvert signals or stimuli for the cell to function properly. The transfer of information in signal transduction pathways and cascades is designed to respond to the variety of growth environment. Metabolism is the core for energy generation (catabolism) and cell synthesis (anabolism). Metabolic network, defined as the set and topology of metabolic biochemical reactions within a cell, plays an essential role for the cell to survive, where it is under organized control. The set of enzymes changes dynamically in accordance with the change in growth environment and the cell’s state. The enzymes which form the metabolic pathways are subject to multiple levels of regulation, and it is important to deeply understand the overall regulation mechanism. Although huge amount of information is embedded in the genome, only a subset of the pathways among possible topological networks is active at certain point in time under certain growth condition.
Study on indoor thermal comfort of different age groups in winter in a rural area of China’s hot-summer and cold-winter region
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2022
Jiahao Wan, Qinli Deng, Zeng Zhou, Zhigang Ren, Xiaofang Shan
According to the fitting lines, when TSV equals 0, the corresponding bedroom temperature of children, young people, middle-aged people and old people is 14.1 °C, 12.8 °C, 15.6 °C and 18.4 °C, respectively. It can be seen that the neutral temperature of each age group is low. It’s probably because the volunteers had lived in the local area for many years and had adapted to the cold climate in winter. Therefore, they had strong tolerance to low temperature. Among the four age groups, in a warm environment with the temperature above 19 °C, the sensitivity to heat is in the decreasing order of children, young people, middle-aged people and old people. It’s because people’s basal metabolic rate decreases with the increase of age. And in a cold environment with the temperature below 6 °C, the sensitivity to cold is in the decreasing order of old people, children, middle-aged people and young people. It’s because children’s thermal regulation system is not mature enough, thus their ability to maintain thermal stability is not as good as adults. Although children’s basal metabolic rate is high, their tolerance to the cold environment is still lower than that of young people and middle-aged people.
Change in geometric entropy with repeated ascents in rock climbing
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2021
Phillip B. Watts, Vanesa Espan͂a-Romero, Megan L. Ostrowski, Randall L. Jensen
Direct measurement of work performed and energy expended during climbing is not currently possible, thus climbing efficiency remains unmeasured. Indirect calorimetry via expired air analysis can provide information regarding the metabolic energy expended. When this indirect method is used economy may be evaluated through comparisons of measured oxygen uptake and calculated energy expenditure during climbing.