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X-Nuclei MRI and Energy Metabolism
Published in Guillaume Madelin, X-Nuclei Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2022
Energy metabolism can be divided into two main categories: Catabolism: Catabolism, or destructive metabolism, includes all biochemical reactions that break down large and complex molecules into smaller and simpler ones. Catabolic reactions are exergonic: they release energy contained in the chemical bonds, are thermodynamically favorable and spontaneous, and work via hydrolysis and oxidation, so cells can use them to generate energy and fuel anabolism.Anabolism: Anabolism, or constructive metabolism (or biosynthesis), includes all biochemical reactions that build large and complex molecules from smaller and simpler ones. Anabolic reactions are endergonic: they require an input of energy to occur, are not spontaneous, and work via condensation and reduction. Anabolism supports the growth of new cells, the maintenance of body tissues. Typical anabolic reactions combine monosaccharides (glucose) to form polysaccharides (glycogen), fatty acids to form triglycerides, amino acids to form proteins, and nucleotides to form nucleic acids. Anabolic and catabolic reactions are often coupled, with catabolism providing the activation energy for anabolism (for example, hydrolysis of ATP that can provide energy to many anabolic processes).
Subsurface Processes
Published in Stephen M. Testa, Geological Aspects of Hazardous Waste Management, 2020
Organisms use the free energy from reactions to obtain energy for cellular activity. The process by which chemicals are broken down into simpler constituents for the release of energy is called catabolism. Respiration is catabolism that produces stored energy in the form of high-energy compounds. With the absence of sunlight below the surface, respiration is the main process of energy production in the subsurface.
Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Chemistry
Published in Jerome Greyson, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Pollutants and Their Determination in Air and Water, 2020
A schematic of the catabolic process is shown in Figure 3.18. We will discuss the details of the scheme a little later. Suffice for now to mention that the energy provided by catabolic breakdown is conserved in the cells, to be used to produce new generations of biomolecules. This counterpart of catabolism, biomolecular production, is called anabolism.
Ingestion of Sudan IV-adulterated palm oil impairs hepato-renal functions and induces the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines: A sub-acute murine model
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Ofem E. Eteng, Ceaser A. Moses, Emmanuel I. Ugwor, Joe E. Enobong, Adio J. Akamo, Yewande Adebekun, Arikpo Iwara, Eyong Ubana
Uric acid, BUN, and creatinine are clinically important biomarkers of kidney function. Uric acid is the byproduct of purine metabolism, while creatinine is produced by muscle (from creatine phosphate] and during protein catabolism. BUN is a measure of the amount of urea nitrogen present in the blood. Urea is a waste product of protein and amino acid, filtered by the kidneys into the urine. These markers are efficiently eliminated unchanged by the kidney, making them an important serum biomarker for kidney function [28]. Increased levels of these markers (as is the case in S4D-exposed rats) may result from decreased blood volume (hypovolemia) or decreased filtration rate by the kidneys [29]. Thus, the accumulation of these markers further affirms the impairment of renal function by S4D.
Potential of suspended growth biological processes for mixed wastewater reclamation and reuse in agriculture: challenges and opportunities
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2021
Precious N. Egbuikwem, Gregory C. Obiechefu, Faisal I. Hai, Ma. Catriona E. Devanadera, Devendra P. Saroj
Removal of organic compounds in wastewater is a task for heterotrophic microbes (mainly bacteria and fungi) which utilize the pollutants as source of carbon for energy production (catabolism) and cell synthesis and growth (anabolism) while decomposing/oxidizing the organic materials into carbon dioxide, water and inorganic nutrients [98]. Mineralization of organic material in activated sludge-based processes assumes two distinct pathways: aerobic (principal mechanism) and anaerobic processes. Aerobic processes are commonly employed where higher wastewater treatment efficiency and effluent quality are required. In aerobic conditions, heterotrophic aerobes utilize the free or dissolved oxygen in the oxidation of organic materials to CO2, H2O and biomass while under anaerobic environments (without oxygen) organic pollutants are metabolized into methane, CO2 and H2O via hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis [99].
Vinegar from Bael (Aegle marmelos): A Mixed Culture Approach
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2018
Kaustav Chakraborty, Suman Kumar Saha, Utpal Raychaudhuri, Runu Chakraborty
The optimization study for the total time of fermentation process suggests the production increases a little after eight days. Having produced by bacteria, acetic acid starts penetrating and accumulating in the cytosol, reducing the ATP supply for growth and product formation. The growth uncoupling effect is more severe at pH 3.0 as acetic acid remains mostly in the un-dissociated form with a higher penetration power than ions. To cope with this inimical acetic acid concentration, acetic acid bacteria can either catabolize acetic acid or reduce acetic acid influx into cell. Overexpression of genecluster aarABC and aconitase encoding genes induces “Overoxidation” that requires a higher activity of ADH which increases the acetic acid concentration through increasing oxidation of alcohol to aldehyde. Acetic acid stress increases concentration of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, which hinders flux of acid into cell [20]. Simultaneous increase of ethanol oxidation and acetate catabolism reduced the acetic acid production rate to near zero.