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Extraction of Fatty Acids and Micronutrients from Agro-Industrial Waste and their Application in Nutraceuticals and Cosmetics
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Parmjit S. Panesar, Valorization of Agro-Industrial Byproducts, 2023
Phan Thi Phuong Thao, Lai Phuong Phuong Thao, Tran Quoc Toan, Tran Thi Thu Hang
Human health has been demonstrated to benefit from polyunsaturated fatty acids, the most valuable of which are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Several studies have recently focused on the extraction of fatty acids from various materials, including fatty-acid-rich agro-industrial waste like rice bran, marine waste (fish, shrimp), and some oil-bearing seeds (da Silva and Jorge, 2014). Furthermore, these ingredients not only contain significant amounts of fatty acids but also micronutrients essential for humans.
Natural Oil-Based Polymer: A Sustainable Approach Toward Green Chemistry
Published in Neha Kanwar Rawat, Iuliana Stoica, A. K. Haghi, Green Polymer Chemistry and Composites, 2021
Taruna Singh, Athar Adil Hashmi
Vegetable oils are triglycerides that consist of esters of glycerol and various fatty acids such as palmitic, stearic, linoleic and linolenic acids, etc. (Fig. 6.1). Fatty acids are long-chain compounds with an even number of carbon atoms. Double bonds are also present in unsaturated fatty acids along with carbon. The nature and distribution of fatty acids determine the physical state of vegetable oils. The maximum weight of triglyceride molecule of oil is attributed to fatty acids.
Qualitative Characterization of Biodiesel Fuels
Published in Ozcan Konur, Biodiesel Fuels, 2021
Biodiesel can be derived from a number of feedstocks depending upon its domestic availability. Animal fats and plant oils are comprised mostly of fatty esters of glycerol (triacylglycerides or triglycerides). The triacylglycerides can be mono-, di-, or triesters of glycerol. Fatty acids may be classified as saturated (no carbon-carbon double bonds), monounsaturated (one C=C double bond), and polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds). FFA profiles of different biodiesel fuels are shown in Figure 15.1. The amount of each fatty acid in triglyceride and biodiesel largely determines their characteristics. In general, fatty acids or carboxylic acids are straight-chain compounds with carbon atoms ranging from three to eighteen. However, the chain length can be more or less particular for tropical oils, which is supplemented with lauric acid. The chain length and amount of unsaturation largely determine the chemical composition of fat and oil esters.
Determination of fatty acids in Allium tuncelianum (Tunceli garlic) by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC–FID)
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2021
Yilmaz Ugur, Nagihan Karaaslan-Ayhan, M. Sina Icen, Tulin Bicim, Selim Erdogan, Mehmet Yaman
Fatty acids with a long carbon chain have a hydrophilic carboxyl group. Fatty acids, the main component of fats, provide the human body with energy and structural materials for the cell membrane and organ tissues. Fatty acids are classified according to their double bond structure as saturated acids, unsaturated acids, and polyunsaturated acids. Fatty acids such as myristic, palmitic, stearic acid are saturated fatty acids that do not contain double bonds. Fatty acids containing double bonds such as oleic, palmitoleic acid are unsaturated fatty acids (monounsaturated), and fatty acids such as linolenic and arachidonic acids containing two or more double bonds are polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acids are present in many foods, including garlic.[17]
Nonedible vegetable oil-based cutting fluids for machining processes – a review
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2020
Rahul Katna, M. Suhaib, Narayan Agrawal
Non-edible vegetable oils have a triglyceride structure. This structure is associated with different fatty acid chains making a complex fatty acid structure within a single molecule. Fatty acids are comprised of carbon-carbon bonds with hydrogen and other group atoms and terminate with a –COOH group (carboxylic acid). Fatty acids comprise an even number of carbon atoms consisting of 14–26 numbers of atoms. Figure 6 shows structure of come fatty acids. At some places, hydrogen atoms are replaced by a double carbon bond making the molecule monounsaturated. If this occurs at several places the molecule is called polyunsaturated. This unsaturation causes lowering of melting point and lowered thermal stability` of the oil than the saturated oil. This unsaturation also leads to bending and subsequent loss in the linearity of the molecule. However, it is advantageous under situations because at room temperature linear molecules are liquid or solid which limits their application as an effective lubricant.[174] Of more than 1000 fatty acids known only 20 are found in vegetable oils. Some of the fatty acids found in oils, which are of importance, are oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, ricinoleic acid, linolenic acid, and lauric acid.
Phase change materials, their synthesis and application in textiles—a review
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2019
Kashif Iqbal, Asfandyar Khan, Danmei Sun, Munir Ashraf, Abdur Rehman, Faiza Safdar, Abdul Basit, Hafiz Shahzad Maqsood
Mixtures of fatty acids can be obtained by hydrolysis of plant- and animal-based fats and oils. The hydrolyzed fats and oils are purified and then separated. Fatty acids are known to be renewable source and exhibit comparable properties to synthetic paraffin waxes in PCMs applications (Sarı, 2005). They exhibit the capability to withstand thousands of freezing and melting cycles without thermal degradation. Moreover, they possess melting congruency, nontoxicity, good chemical and thermal stability, biodegradability, and acceptable melting temperature range for various thermal storage applications (Feldman, Banu, & Hawes, 1995; Feldman, Banu, Hawes, & Ghanbari, 1991; Feldman, Shapiro, Banu, & Fuks, 1989). Fatty acids, some of their derivatives and eutectic mixtures have recently been investigated as excellent candidates for the development of energy storing composites in building envelopes and solar energy systems. This is because of their easy soaking into composites structures and very good physical and thermal properties. Several industries synthesized most of the fatty acids commercially in large amounts for their application in cosmetics, textile, plastics, and other industries (Feldman et al., 1989). Feldman et al. extensively investigated fatty acids as PCMs and their thermal stabilities (Feldman et al., 1995).