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The Science of Air Pollution
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance Handbook, 2023
Benzoylmethylecgonine or cocaine is a stimulant affecting the central nervous system and also acts as an appetite suppressant. Antibiotics inhibit the growth of bacteria. Sildenafil citrate is an arterial stimulant that was originally intended to treat high blood pressure (Barnes et al. 2008). Testosterone is a male sex hormone—an anabolic steroid—and affects the growth of muscle mass. Other emerging contaminants of note include a group of compounds called perchlorates and the compound 1,4-Dioxane. Perchlorates are colorless and odorless salts. They are a group of compounds including: Magnesium perchlorate (MgClO4)Potassium perchlorate (KClO4)Ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4)Sodium perchlorate (NaClO4)Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)
Fundamentals of Receptor Assessment
Published in Jack Daugherty, Assessment of Chemical Exposures, 2020
In some cases, COCs have been know to affect either males or females but not the other gender. Reproductive toxins are the easiest examples. Women may be affected, but not men, or, women and men may be affected in different ways within the reproductive system of the body. Women have a naturally higher percent body fat than men do per pound of total weight, so they can accumulate more lipophilic (fat-soluble) COCs. Other physiological difference between males and females, such as strength and metabolism, account for some dose-response variation. Anabolic steroids build up proteins, while catabolic steroids break them down.
Perfectionism and attitudes towards doping in athletes: A continuously cumulating meta-analysis and test of the 2 × 2 model
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Daniel J. Madigan, Sarah H. Mallinson-Howard, Michael C. Grugan, Andrew P. Hill
Doping is defined as the use of a substance (e.g. anabolic androgenic steroids) or method (e.g. blood doping) that is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA, 2018). Doping is banned because it contravenes open and fair competition (White Paper on Sport, 2007). There are also additional health risks associated with doping that make its prohibition justifiable. For example, anabolic androgenic steroid use is linked with increased risk of liver damage, heart failure (Bird, Goebel, Burke, & Greaves, 2016), and even suicide (Lindqvist et al., 2013). Importantly, doping is not isolated to elite athletes with evidence suggesting that this is also an issue among amateur, adolescent, and university athletes (e.g. Nicholls, Cope, et al., 2017). It is not surprising, then, that researchers have called for an increased focus on education aimed at discouraging athletes from all sports, levels, and ages from doping (e.g. Backhouse, Patterson, & McKenna, 2012).
Indirect clinical markers for the detection of anabolic steroid abuse beyond the conventional doping control in athletes
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Georgios A. Christou, Maria A. Christou, Lovro Žiberna, Konstantinos A. Christou
Androgenic Anabolic steroids (AAS) are synthetic testosterone analogs that are used not only for therapeutic indications, such as certain anaemias and cachexia, but also for nontherapeutic reasons, including physical performance improvement, physique development and body image enhancement (Kersey et al., 2012). Abuse of AAS is usually given publicity in cases of elite athletes who have been sanctioned due to analytical anti-doping rule violations. However, elite athletes account for the smallest group of AAS abusers, with higher levels of abuse occurring among recreational sports people and those who use AAS for aesthetic purposes (Kersey et al., 2012). Among athletes the highest rates of AAS abuse have been reported for bodybuilders, weightlifters, American football players and throwers (Kersey et al., 2012). The ergogenic effects of AAS in athletes are the increase in muscle mass and enhancement of muscular strength, as well as power. Importantly, chronic abuse of AAS has been linked with serious health effects, including psychiatric disorders, acute myocardial infarction, hepatotoxicity, hypogonadism in males and virilization in females (Christou, Christou, Nikas, & Goudevenos, 2016; Kersey et al., 2012).