Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Science of Air Pollution
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance Handbook, 2023
Benzoylmethylecgonine or cocaine is a stimulant affecting the central nervous system and also acts as an appetite suppressant. Antibiotics inhibit the growth of bacteria. Sildenafil citrate is an arterial stimulant that was originally intended to treat high blood pressure (Barnes et al. 2008). Testosterone is a male sex hormone—an anabolic steroid—and affects the growth of muscle mass. Other emerging contaminants of note include a group of compounds called perchlorates and the compound 1,4-Dioxane. Perchlorates are colorless and odorless salts. They are a group of compounds including: Magnesium perchlorate (MgClO4)Potassium perchlorate (KClO4)Ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4)Sodium perchlorate (NaClO4)Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)
Is Supraphysiological Enhancement Possible, and What are the Downsides?
Published in Steven Kornguth, Rebecca Steinberg, Michael D. Matthews, Neurocognitive and Physiological Factors During High-Tempo Operations, 2018
Similarly, anabolic steroids used as hormone replacement therapy for aging men, provide specific benefits to bone strength, muscle mass sustainment, and sense of well being. More hormone provided to normal healthy men further increases muscle mass and this can be accompanied by increases in strength; unlike most hormones, there is no disease of androgen overproduction that has been described for men. The abnormally huge increases that have been achieved in lean mass of body builders with a deranged self-image (“big-arexia nervosa”) would not be possible without use of anabolic steroids (Choi, Pope, and Olivardia 2002). Power lifters who are focused on strength performance rather than muscle size, may actually derive their greatest advantage from increased aggressiveness in training and competition, although this effect is difficult to scientifically quantify. For military use, the behavioral changes that occur with use of anabolic steroids make this an unsuitable drug for performance enhancement, and it would not be ethical or sensible to administer to women to create masculinized women (Friedl 2005). Also not such good ideas are concepts and claims that anabolic steroids might be useful in accelerating healing of musculoskeletal injuries, “replace” deficiencies produced by high stress conditions, or act as a “brave pill” and increase motivation of soldiers (Friedl 2005). Other problems occur in accommodating abnormal muscle size on a normal human skeletal frame, such as tendon injuries and thermoregulatory challenges in hot environments (Friedl 2005).
Fundamentals of Receptor Assessment
Published in Jack Daugherty, Assessment of Chemical Exposures, 2020
In some cases, COCs have been know to affect either males or females but not the other gender. Reproductive toxins are the easiest examples. Women may be affected, but not men, or, women and men may be affected in different ways within the reproductive system of the body. Women have a naturally higher percent body fat than men do per pound of total weight, so they can accumulate more lipophilic (fat-soluble) COCs. Other physiological difference between males and females, such as strength and metabolism, account for some dose-response variation. Anabolic steroids build up proteins, while catabolic steroids break them down.
Indirect clinical markers for the detection of anabolic steroid abuse beyond the conventional doping control in athletes
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Georgios A. Christou, Maria A. Christou, Lovro Žiberna, Konstantinos A. Christou
Androgenic Anabolic steroids (AAS) are synthetic testosterone analogs that are used not only for therapeutic indications, such as certain anaemias and cachexia, but also for nontherapeutic reasons, including physical performance improvement, physique development and body image enhancement (Kersey et al., 2012). Abuse of AAS is usually given publicity in cases of elite athletes who have been sanctioned due to analytical anti-doping rule violations. However, elite athletes account for the smallest group of AAS abusers, with higher levels of abuse occurring among recreational sports people and those who use AAS for aesthetic purposes (Kersey et al., 2012). Among athletes the highest rates of AAS abuse have been reported for bodybuilders, weightlifters, American football players and throwers (Kersey et al., 2012). The ergogenic effects of AAS in athletes are the increase in muscle mass and enhancement of muscular strength, as well as power. Importantly, chronic abuse of AAS has been linked with serious health effects, including psychiatric disorders, acute myocardial infarction, hepatotoxicity, hypogonadism in males and virilization in females (Christou, Christou, Nikas, & Goudevenos, 2016; Kersey et al., 2012).