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Introduction
Published in Venkatesan Rajinikanth, E. Priya, Hong Lin, Fuhua Lin, Hybrid Image Processing Methods for Medical Image Examination, 2021
Venkatesan Rajinikanth, E. Priya, Hong Lin, Fuhua Lin
The bone’s weakening heightens the risk of breakage, which is a common outcome of osteoporosis. Common bones that usually break up are the vertebrae, the bones in forearm, and the hips. Osteoporosis can be prevented by appropriate medication and diet when it is identified in its early stages. The procedures followed during osteoporosis screening are illustrated in Figure 1.40. Normally, CT scan slices recorded in a controlled environment are used to detect the deficiency and its severity.COVID-19 screening
The psychological benifits of physical exercise for women: improving employee quality of life
Published in John Kerr, Amanda Griffiths, Tom Cox, Workplace Health, Employee Fitness and Exercise, 2020
Precilla Y.L. Choi, Nanette Mutrie
Osteoporosis is the medical term for a condition in which there is a decrease in the absolute amount of bone, rendering the skeleton susceptible to breakages and fractures. It can affect both sexes, as there is a gradual decline in bone density with age. However, the loss of bone mass accelerates in women when ovarian function decreases during and after menopause. Thus postmenopausal women are more susceptible to osteoporosis than any other segment of the population (Kanis et al., 1990). The severity of the problem is evident from the following. First of all up to a third of those who suffer a femoral fracture (one of the most common sites of osteoporotic fracture) die within 6 months and more than a half of those who survive suffer increased disability and pain. Second, it is estimated that by the age of 70 40% of women in the UK have experienced an osteoporotic fracture (Royal College of Physicians, 1991). In addition, osteoporosis sufferers often have to contend with pain, disability, depression and decreased confidence in their physical abilities (Vaughn, 1976; Rickli and McManus, 1990).
Age-Related Physiological Changes Influencing Work Ability
Published in Joanna Bugajska, Teresa Makowiec-Dąbrowska, Tomasz Kostka, Individual and Occupational Determinants, 2020
Bone structure, histology and function become gradually weakened with advancing age, more frequently in women. Osteoporosis is complicated by fractures, and further consequences of this condition include increased institutionalization, mortality and poor quality of life. Densitometry (DXA) remains the “gold standard” in diagnosing osteoporosis. Low-energy hip fractures in women over the age of 50 years and men over the age of 65 years as well as every past low-energy fracture in other major locations (after excluding other causes), with already existing osteopenia (DXA, T – score < −1.5), are obvious bases for diagnosing osteoporosis and indications for early initiation of comprehensive treatment (Lorenc et al. 2017).
Comprehensive survey on analysis and modelling of femur bone fracture for an operative planning
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Aashish Joshi, Kailash Karande
Fractures due to osteoporosis are most common for proximal femur among elders. Osteoporosis is a disease which makes the bones so delicate and brittle that even small jerk can cause a fracture. This becomes more severe as age prolongs. Accident is one more reason for different kinds of fractures but femur fracture is found to be dominant. In treatment of hip-related fractures surgical interventions are incorporated. At the point when patient strolls or hip subject to stacking it impacts on distal cracked bone creating dynamic compression of bone. It brings about break embed disappointment. On the off chance that parameter analysis and Image modelling is applied with procedure along with ideal places of Plates, screw with various arrangements, its effect and odds of disappointment will diminish.
A Survey on Osteoporosis Detection Methods with a Focus on X-ray and DEXA Images
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
S.M. Nazia Fathima, R. Tamilselvi, M. Parisa Beham
To diagnose osteoporosis, a bone density scan is usually taken. Of which, DEXA is considered a common method that measures bone mineral content and bone size. DEXA uses an enhanced form of X-ray technology to produce the scan image. The DEXA images are generated by using X-ray beams at two different energy peaks are passed through the body, where the one peak is absorbed by the soft tissue and the other by the bone, which generates a two-dimensional image. The soft tissue amount is subtracted from the total area, which gives the bone mineral density (BMD). Though DEXA has advantages as simple, non-invasive, used a small amount of radiation, it has several limitations such as high cost, higher scan time, not widely available and expert personnel needed to perform the scan. It would, therefore, be useful if one could estimate the BMD from digital X-ray images itself to reduce time and expenses. Figure 2 shows the sample DEXA and X-ray images of the same subject. Few works had been carried out so far to measure the bone density directly by analysing the digitized X-ray. Texture analysis of X-rays has been proposed as it is easily available at low cost and efficient method for diagnosis of diseases. Fractal dimension is used to measure the BMD. This survey article summarized some of the works of image processing algorithms for pre-processing methods, segmentation and fracture detection, applied on X-ray and DEXA images for analysis of osteoporosis detection.
Loading Psoralen into liposomes to enhance its stimulatory effect on the proliferation and differentiation of mouse calvarias osteoblasts
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2019
Xiaoran Li, Vasil M. Garamus, Na Li, Zhe Zhe, Regine Willumeit-Römer, Aihua Zou
Osteoporosis is one of the most common human skeletal diseases, which could increase bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture since low bone-mass density and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue.[1,2] The National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) has been reported that approximately 10 million US adults aged 50 years and older had osteoporosis and an additional 33 million had low bone mass.[3,4] In China, the prevalence of osteoporosis has increased from 14.94% before 2008 to 27.96% during the period spanning 2012-2015, which affecting more than one-third of people aged 50 years and older.[5] Most osteoporosis is caused by increased bone resorption, many patients with osteoporosis have been treated with anti-resorptive drugs (estrogens, bisphosphonates, calcitonin), which could maintain bone mass by inhibiting osteoclast resorption.[6] However, the effect of these drugs on osteoblast formation and function is minor, no more than 2% per year for bone mass increase.[7] In addition, the potential complications also limited their usage for osteoporosis treatment.[8] Traditional Chinese herbal medicine have been widely used to treat osteoporosis for thousands of years, including Herba Epimedii,[9,10] Fructus Cnidii,[11] Tanshinone.[12]