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An Outbreak of Oxidative Stress in Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Sourbh Suren Garg, Poojith Nuthalapati, Sruchi Devi, Atulika Sharma, Debasis Sahu, Jeena Gupta
Oxygen is vital for every single creature present on this planet. Violence to the metabolism and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) result in an indefinite number of neural ailments [1]. The chemical reactions and the central role of free radicals in the body make free radicals a highly attractive topic in biology. The excess of free radicals increases the level of oxidative stress (OS) which ultimately increases the chances of progression of chronic [2] and neural diseases [3]. The aging factor is considered as the main connection between OS and neuronal diseases [4]. Women are expected to have the maximum risk of getting affected with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The decline in levels of estrogen causes menopause which might be a possible factor for developing the disease in women [5]. Oxidative damage (OD) and dysfunctioning of mitochondria are commonly observed during OS. The functioning of mitochondrial complex IV is reduced in the hippocampus as a model of AD [6]. Increased levels of free radicals cause an increase in OS which ultimately ends in several neural and chronic disorders. Additionally, an increased level of OS directly contributes to the OD in mitochondria.
Oestradiol, Aging Theory, Women/LGBT Difficulties and Motivation
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Natural Products Pharmacology and Phytochemicals for Health Care, 2021
Francisco Torrens, Gloria Castellano
Estradiol is partially why post-menopausal women present brittle bones [11]. After menopause, women’s OEST levels drop dramatically, which results in their bones becoming weak and porous (osteoporosis). To combat this, post-menopausal women, or those who had a hysterectomy, are usually prescribed hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which typically involves ingesting a mixture of OEST, progesterone, and progestin to compensate for the amount they lost. One common OEST that is used in HRT is pregnant mares’ urine (Premarin), which is isolated from the urine of pregnant mares. It is actually mostly composed of estrone sulfate (cf. Figure 12.4). It may sound an odd thing to take, but this is converted directly into normal estradiol in the woman’s body.
Delivery of Ovarian Hormones for Bone Health
Published in Emmanuel Opara, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, 2020
Estrogen has intracellular receptors in tissues throughout the body that can impact gene expression. As can be seen by its structure (Figure 7.2), estrogen is a lipophilic molecule readily capable of crossing the lipidic cellular membrane. Estrogen then binds to estrogen receptors, which achieve activity primarily through transcriptional control via direct binding to DNA after estrogen binding. However, the estrogen receptors also act indirectly through “tethering” effects to other transcription factors, nongenomically through estrogen-bound to extracellular receptors, or independent of ligands through the pathways of other growth factors.72 Estrogen is known to have antiapoptotic effects on osteoblasts and osteocytes while also having proapoptotic effects on osteoclasts. Both of these promote an increase in bone mass. As such, the loss of estrogen due to menopause leads to decreased bone mass, as discussed above in regards to osteoporosis. Estrogen deficiency leads to increases in both osteoclast and osteoblast numbers and their related activities in bone resorption and deposition, respectively.99 However, it is important to remember that it is the balance of resorption and deposition that ultimately dictates the total bone mass.
LDL receptor-related protein 5 rs648438 polymorphism is associated with the risk of skeletal fluorosis
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Meichen Zhang, Haili Xu, Qun Lou, Fanshuo Yin, Ning Guo, Liaowei Wu, Wei Huang, Yi Ji, Liu Yang, Qiao Li, Sa Wang, Zhizhong Guan, Yanmei Yang, Yanhui Gao
Factors such as age, gender, dose, and time can affect the severity and clinical manifestations of fluorosis (Dhar and Bhatnagar 2009). The potential interaction between the LRP5 rs648438 and risk factors was hence investigated, and there was no interactive effect of rs648438 with fluoride exposure on risk of skeletal fluorosis neither using additive nor multiplicative scale. Furthermore, there was also no interactive effect of age with fluoride exposure on the risk of skeletal fluorosis (Table S1). However, a significant positive interactive effect between gender and rs648438 was found, suggesting that the protective effect of the TC/CC genotype of LRP5 against fluorosis was more pronounced in males. In our study, women older than 45 outnumbered women younger than 45 (about 5:1). It is well known that the age of natural menopause is almost between 44 and 52 worldwide (Minooee et al. 2018). Studies show that post-menopausal women are more likely to develop osteoporosis due to changes in estrogen (de Bakker CMJ et al. 2018; Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: The Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society. Editorial P 2021), which may mask the protective effect of the LRP5 rs648438 TC/CC in women.
Influence of sex hormones status and type of training on regional bone mineral density in exercising females
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Isabel Guisado-Cuadrado, Víctor M. Alfaro-Magallanes, Nuria Romero-Parra, Beatriz Rael, Amelia Guadalupe-Grau, Ana B. Peinado
Sex hormone fluctuations that occur across woman's lifespan may involve a decrease in serum oestradiol levels, such as menopause (Takahashi & Johnson, 2015), and the use of hormonal contraceptives (Martin et al., 2021). When menopause occurs, ovarian follicles are depleted and the ovary is unable to respond to even high levels of FSH and, consequently, oestradiol levels decrease (Takahashi & Johnson, 2015). On the other hand, oral contraceptive (OC) use causes an inhibition of the anterior pituitary, especially during the phase when hormonal contraceptives provide synthetic exogenous sex hormone doses, reducing the endogenous 17-β-oestradiol level (Willis et al., 2006). These lower oestradiol levels may lead to an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation (Khosla et al., 2012), as well as affect the mechanosensitivity of osteocytes by reducing the stress response of bone cells (Klein-Nulend et al., 2015). In fact, several studies have shown lower BMD in postmenopausal females compared to premenopausal ones (Fan et al., 2022; Fu et al., 2011). Although theoretically this reduction in oestradiol may promote a loss of BMD, in the literature there is controversy about the effect of OC use on BMD (Rocca et al., 2021). This inconsistency in the results may come from the multiple factors that influence the effect of these OCs, such as the duration of the treatment (Jackowski et al., 2016; Wei et al., 2011), the dose of synthetic oestrogens or the age of initiation of the treatment (Biason et al., 2015).
Impact of Qigong exercises on the severity of the menopausal symptoms and health-related quality of life: A randomised controlled trial
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
María del Carmen Carcelén-Fraile, Fidel Hita-Contreras, Antonio Martínez-Amat, Vânia Brandão Loureiro, Nuno Eduardo Marques de Loureiro, José Daniel Jiménez-García, Raquel Fábrega-Cuadros, Agustín Aibar-Almazán
Menopause is a process of adaptation through which women arrive at a new biological condition (Smail, Jassim, Al-Shboul, & Hattawi, 2019). It entails a large number of biological changes, including increased chances of suffering from cardiovascular disease, pain in muscles and joints, urinary tract infections, incontinence and vasomotor symptoms (Bernis & Reher, 2007), and psychosocial changes such as depressed mood, anxiety, and sleep alterations. Such complaints have substantial influence on the physical and mental health of women, leading to changes in their social activities, moods, relations, and, generally, to a reduction in their quality of life (Utian, 2005). Hot flashes are the most commonly experienced symptom, affecting approximately 70% of women (Williams et al., 2008). Along with depression and sleep alterations, these symptoms may prove to be incapacitating, affecting the psychological health, the social life, and the well-being of women to a large extent (Bachmann, 2005). Furthermore, the long-term estrogen depletion associated to the menopause process can favour cardiovascular conditions, urogenital atrophy, osteoporosis, pains affecting muscles as well as joints and psychological problems including cognitive alterations, anxiety, and depression (Buhling, Daniels, Studnitz, Eulenburg, & Mueck, 2014). All these symptoms may also be linked to sexual dysfunction and vaginal dryness, which affect up to 38% of menopausal women (Ballagh, 2005).