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Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Three components make up the reproductive system/genitalia for both males and females: gonads, ducts, and external genitalia. The ovaries are the female gonads. They reside deep in the pelvis and produce ova or eggs which carry the female’s genetic material for reproduction. Male gonads, the testes, are part of the male external genitalia and are located in the scrotum, a muscular skin structure suspended from the body. Testes produce sperm, the structural vehicle for the male’s genetic material in reproduction. Sperm development is temperature sensitive, a fact to be considered when designing products that cover the male genitalia. The egg and sperm are the key elements that merge to reproduce the species—make a baby. Males and females have ducts or tubes that transport eggs and sperm internally. The external genitalia, the penis and scrotum with testes of a male and vulva and clitoris of a female help connect partners in sexual intercourse to convey sperm to egg. If conception (merger of sperm and egg) occurs, the female reproductive system holds and nourishes the fetus (developing infant) and gives an exit path via the vagina for the baby’s birth. Wearable products for both men and women are used as a means to prevent conception (Chapter 5).
Reproduction, development and work
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
The ovaries produce the reproductive hormones oestrogen and progesterone. This release starts at puberty when the ovaries become active. Oestrogen is a steroid hormone with a number of activities, including: stimulation of the development of secondary sex characteristicsregulation of the menstrual cycle, including growth of the egg (ovum) folliclemaintenance of pregnancystimulation of breast milk production.
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Published in Reginald L. Campbell, Roland E. Langford, Terry L. McArthur, Fundamentals of Hazardous Materials Incidents, 2020
Reginald L. Campbell, Roland E. Langford, Terry L. McArthur
Female sex cells are called eggs or ova (singular: ovum) and are formed in the female gonads, the ovaries. The eggs are formed by a process initially quite similar to that producing sperm. The immature cell divides by mitosis but, unlike the sperm, into two unequal-sized cells, with one receiving almost all the cellular material. A second division of the larger cells produces another unequal division, with the larger body becoming the egg and the other, like the first smaller cell, not involved in reproduction.
Investigation of characterization and cytotoxic effect of PEGylated nanoliposomal containing Melphalan on ovarian cancer: an in vitro study
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2021
Seyedeh Masoomeh Sadat Mirnezami, Amir Heydarinasab, Azim Akbarzadeh, Mehdi Arjmand
There are various approaches, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, for the treatment of cancers [5]. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are some of the most common treatments for ovarian cancer. Since anticancer drugs are not an option in chemotherapy, high doses of these drugs are often needed to achieve the desired level of treatment in tumor tissues. Also, as anti-neoplastic drugs have a high molecular weight and a high volume of distribution, the use of high doses of the drugs causes healthy tissues to be exposed to these drugs, and thus, the toxicity of the drug increases [6]. In addition, using anti-neoplastic drugs to treat cancers is associated with a wide range of side effects and deficiencies, such as non-specificity, short half-life, and multi-drug resistance (MDR) [6,7]. MDR has been considered as one of the most important obstacles to successful chemotherapy. Therefore, to minimize these side effects and shortcomings, efforts have been made to develop targeted drug delivery systems.
Anion-directed synthesis of two Cu(II)-based coordination polymers: biological evaluation and mechanism against the ovarian cancer
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Xiao-Yu Yu, Yu-Ling Liu, Lu-Yang Wang, Jing-Ying Bai, Qian-Nan Li
Ovarian malignant tumor is a relatively common malignant tumor in female gynecology, accounting for 2%–6% of common malignant tumors in women. Its incidence is second only to cervical cancer and endometrial cancer.[1] For ovarian cancer, surgery combined with chemotherapy is still the main treatment method, and satisfactory tumor reduction during initial treatment is the most important independent prognostic factor for ovarian cancer.[2] However, the ideal cytoreductive surgery in China is only about 10%–20%. In recent years, carboplatin-based chemotherapy and paclitaxel chemotherapy could reduce the mortality rate of ovarian cancer, but the decrease is not significant.[3]
Two Cu(II)-based coordination polymers: inhibitory activity on the ovarian cancer cell invasion and migration by regulating the miRNA16 expression
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Dong-Mei Yang, Li-Hong Huang, Qiong Xia, Ai-Ling Li, Yu Chen
Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor of the reproductive system that seriously threatens women's lives. In 2012, there were 22,280 new cases in the United States.[1] Ovarian cancer is insidious and lacks early diagnosis measures and effective treatment methods. miRNA is a newly discovered small non-coding RNA with a length of 19–25 nucleotides that regulates gene expression in many eukaryotes.[2] miRNA can regulate a variety of physiological and pathological processes. This year's research shows that miRNAs are involved in the pathological processes of ovarian cancer, such as the cancer occurrence, development, metastasis, and tumor resistance.[3]