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Environmental Aspects of Light Pollution
Published in Tuan Anh Nguyen, Ram K. Gupta, Nanotechnology for Light Pollution Reduction, 2023
Reyhaneh Barzegar, M. Barzegar Gerdroodbary
Another function of melatonin is to reduce estrogen production at night. Estrogen increases the risk of malignant cancers. Also, when periods of melatonin secretion are disrupted by artificial light, the secretion of the female hormone estrogen increases from the ovaries, one of the most sensitive tumors of which is breast cancer. According to researchers, continuous night shift work increases the risk of breast cancer by 50%. In addition, employees who work night shifts for at least three nights a month and continue this process for 15 years or more are 35% more likely to develop colorectal cancer.
Impact of Incorporating Nanomaterials in Food Processing
Published in V. Chelladurai, Digvir S. Jayas, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Foods and Beverages, 2018
V. Chelladurai, Digvir S. Jayas
The chemicals, steroids, and antibiotics enter into the cow’s body through feed and medicine, and these can end up in the milk as a residue. These chemical and antibiotic residues can also cause health issues, and regular analytical methods like HPLC, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods need a long time for analysis and higher capital cost. Nanotechnology-based sensing methods facilitate a simple and rapid way for detection of chemical and antibody residues in milk and other dairy products. An ELISA-based detection system with MNPs was successfully tested for detecting antibiotic (sulfonamide) residues with concentrations as low as 0.5 µg/L in raw milk samples. This sensor can be easily employed for real-time detection of sulfonamide in milk since the European Union’s maximum allowable residue limit in milk is 100 µg/L (Font et al. 2008). Estrogen is a steroid hormone commonly found in raw milk since most of the milk at dairy farms is produced from pregnant cows. Estrogen may pose health risks like carcinogenesis cancers in humans. A nanosensor with polypyrrole-coated magnetic nanoparticles (PPy/MNP) coupled with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was developed and successfully tested for detecting estrogen levels in raw milk, which had a detection limit of 5.1–66.7 ng/L, and detection time of 3 min (Gao et al. 2011).
Urban Sources of Micropollutants: from the Catchment to the Lake
Published in Nathalie Chèvre, Andrew Barry, Florence Bonvin, Neil Graham, Jean-Luc Loizeau, Hans-Rudolf Pfeifer, Luca Rossi, Torsten Vennemann, Micropollutants in Large Lakes, 2018
Jonas Margot, Luca Rossi, D. A. Barry
Natural and synthetic hormones are found in domestic wastewater based on their excretion in urine and faeces. The most studied hormones are natural estrogens (primarily female hormones), such as estrone (E1), 17P-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and the synthetic 17a-ethinylestra- diol (EE2) (active substance in contraceptive pills). These estrogens are found, on average, at relatively low concentrations in raw wastewater (1-300 ng l−1). Several other natural hormones are present in municipal wastewaters, such as testosterone (3 pg l−1), androsterone (1.5 pg l−1) or progesterone (280 ng l−1) (Gabet-Giraud et al., 2010; Gardner et al., 2013; Lubliner et al., 2010).
Impact of Qigong exercises on the severity of the menopausal symptoms and health-related quality of life: A randomised controlled trial
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
María del Carmen Carcelén-Fraile, Fidel Hita-Contreras, Antonio Martínez-Amat, Vânia Brandão Loureiro, Nuno Eduardo Marques de Loureiro, José Daniel Jiménez-García, Raquel Fábrega-Cuadros, Agustín Aibar-Almazán
Menopause is a process of adaptation through which women arrive at a new biological condition (Smail, Jassim, Al-Shboul, & Hattawi, 2019). It entails a large number of biological changes, including increased chances of suffering from cardiovascular disease, pain in muscles and joints, urinary tract infections, incontinence and vasomotor symptoms (Bernis & Reher, 2007), and psychosocial changes such as depressed mood, anxiety, and sleep alterations. Such complaints have substantial influence on the physical and mental health of women, leading to changes in their social activities, moods, relations, and, generally, to a reduction in their quality of life (Utian, 2005). Hot flashes are the most commonly experienced symptom, affecting approximately 70% of women (Williams et al., 2008). Along with depression and sleep alterations, these symptoms may prove to be incapacitating, affecting the psychological health, the social life, and the well-being of women to a large extent (Bachmann, 2005). Furthermore, the long-term estrogen depletion associated to the menopause process can favour cardiovascular conditions, urogenital atrophy, osteoporosis, pains affecting muscles as well as joints and psychological problems including cognitive alterations, anxiety, and depression (Buhling, Daniels, Studnitz, Eulenburg, & Mueck, 2014). All these symptoms may also be linked to sexual dysfunction and vaginal dryness, which affect up to 38% of menopausal women (Ballagh, 2005).
Genotoxicity of quinone: An insight on DNA adducts and its LC-MS-based detection
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Yue Xiong, Han Yeong Kaw, Lizhong Zhu, Wei Wang
Estrogens are important female hormones that promote the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the maturation of sexual organs. However, excessive exposure to estrogens either in abnormal menstrual period or drug therapy can increase the risk of cancer in hormone-sensitive tissues, including breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers (Bolton & Thatcher, 2008). Estrogens can be categorized into endogenous estrogens such as estrone (E1) and 17-β estradiol (E2), and exogenous estrogens like equilin and equilenin that exhibit similar properties to endogenous estrogens, which are common components of a hormone replacement therapy medication named Premarin. E1, E2 and equilenin shared identical metabolic pathway. Generally, they were oxidized to catechol estrogens (3,4-OHE1/E2, 2,3-OHE1/E2, 3,4-OHEH) by cytochromes P450, then underwent further oxidation to corresponding estrogen o-quinones under the functions of Cu+, Fe2+ ions, oxidative enzymes or molecular oxygen (Figure S1) (Stack, 2015). Imbalanced metabolism of estrogen yielded excessive catechol estrogen quinones with high eletrophilicity and redox-activity, thus increasing the formation of estrogen-DNA adducts and eventually cause DNA damage (Penning, 2017).
The effect of sex hormones on skeletal muscle adaptation in females
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Sarah E. Alexander, Alexander C. Pollock, Séverine Lamon
Estrogens and progestogens are the major female hormones. Estrogens are produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary, the placenta and to a lesser extent by adipose and other peripheral tissues, and are responsible for the development, regulation and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics (Cui, Shen, & Li, 2013). The major bioactive estrogens are estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) (Cui et al., 2013). Progestogens, including the most abundant form progesterone, are primarily produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary and regulate the female menstrual cycle and pregnancy (Taraborrelli, 2015). The specific receptors for estrogens (ER) and progestogens (PR) are also expressed in human skeletal muscle (Ekenros et al., 2017). Unlike androgens and progestogens, which have a single receptor (the AR and the PR), there are multiple ERs found in both the cytosol (ERα and ERβ) and the sarcolemma of myocytes, including the g-protein coupled estrogen receptors (GPER), estrogen receptor-X (ER-X) and Gq-coupled membrane estrogen receptor (Gq-mER). These receptors act together to facilitate the function of female sex hormones in the regulation of muscle mass and contractility. The reason for multiple estrogen receptors in skeletal muscle is unclear but may stem from evolution.