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Oestradiol, Aging Theory, Women/LGBT Difficulties and Motivation
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Natural Products Pharmacology and Phytochemicals for Health Care, 2021
Francisco Torrens, Gloria Castellano
The female sex hormone estradiol is the most important one, along with estrone and estriol, which are less potent (cf. Figure 12.3) [11]. They are all based on the standard four-ring steroid structure (four rooms and a bathroom), with just minor differences inside groups, which includes testosterone. It is quite amazing that all the differences between males and females come down to something as trivial as the side group of a molecule! Although it can be produced by many cells in the body [e.g., fat cells, in the brain, artery walls (in males and females)], most estradiol is synthesized in the ovaries from compounds derived from cholesterol (CHOL). Estradiol helps a woman prepare for pregnancy, supporting the reproductive organs, keeping the eggs healthy in the ovaries, and instigating the monthly ovulation and menstrual cycle. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, which begin at puberty and decline after the menopause; for example, estradiol initiates the development of breasts and alters the fat distribution in a woman’s body to make her curvier. It helps strengthen bones and joints.
Sources of Endocrine Disrupters
Published in Jason W. Birkett, John N. Lester, Endocrine Disrupters in Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes, 2002
Within the steroid hormone group, it is perhaps the natural (estrone [E1], 17β-estradiol [E2], estriol [E3]) and synthetic (ethinylestradiol [EE2], mestranol) steroid estrogens that have received the most scientific attention. These compounds are the major contributors to the estrogenic activity observed in sewage effluent24,25 and the receiving water body (see Chapter 6). Their presence in the aquatic environment is attributed to their incomplete removal during the sewage treatment process.26 Although concentrations of steroid estrogens have been reported in the low ng L−1 levels, their estrogenic potency warrants cause for concern, as EE2 has been shown to induce vitellogenin (VTG) production (a female yolk protein) in male fish at 0.2 ng L−1.26
Air and Water Pollution Monitoring and Control Through Bionanomaterial-Based Sensors
Published in Naveen Dwivedi, Shubha Dwivedi, Bionanotechnology Towards Sustainable Management of Environmental Pollution, 2023
Monika Singh, Doli, Amit Yadav, Sumit Kaushik, Namrata Gupta, Gyanendra Singh, Piyush Gupta
Since the beginning of global industrialization, steroidal estrogens have been a critical and rising environmental hazard. Estrone, estradiol, and estriol are steroid compounds that represent a serious hazard to soil, water resources, plants, and humans. Several studies have shown that increased levels of natural and artificial estrogens feminize male fish. The consequences include shrinking testes, influencing reproductive aptness, lowering sperm count, inducing vitellogenin (VTG) production in males, and altering other reproductive characteristics (Adeel et al., 2017). Kim YS et al. (2007) and Kim et al. (2009) described one of the earliest electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of 17β-estradiol. They discovered that 17β-estradiol has a linear detection range of 0.01 to 1 nM, with a detection limit of 0.1 nM. Another label-free competitive electrochemical aptasensor, based on competition inside the BTX-beads and BTX-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) bioconjugate, was reported for the detection of brevetoxins (BTXs). In this aptasensor, the detection limit for BTXs was found to be 106 pg/mL. Elshafey et al. developed an aptamer incorporated in an EIS aptasensor to determine the smallest powerful neurotoxin, anatoxin-a (ATX). The detection limit of this aptasensor was 0.5 nM, with a linear detection range of 1 to 100 nM (Eissa et al., 2015; Elshafey et al., 2015). Electrochemical aptasensors paired with nanostructured substances have recently shown a significant potential for detecting tiny combinations for environmental monitoring. Fan et al. demonstrated a highly sensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptamer platform based on TiO 2 nanotubes and CdSe QDs for the detection of 17β-estradiol (E2).
The effect of sex hormones on skeletal muscle adaptation in females
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Sarah E. Alexander, Alexander C. Pollock, Séverine Lamon
Estrogens and progestogens are the major female hormones. Estrogens are produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary, the placenta and to a lesser extent by adipose and other peripheral tissues, and are responsible for the development, regulation and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics (Cui, Shen, & Li, 2013). The major bioactive estrogens are estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) (Cui et al., 2013). Progestogens, including the most abundant form progesterone, are primarily produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary and regulate the female menstrual cycle and pregnancy (Taraborrelli, 2015). The specific receptors for estrogens (ER) and progestogens (PR) are also expressed in human skeletal muscle (Ekenros et al., 2017). Unlike androgens and progestogens, which have a single receptor (the AR and the PR), there are multiple ERs found in both the cytosol (ERα and ERβ) and the sarcolemma of myocytes, including the g-protein coupled estrogen receptors (GPER), estrogen receptor-X (ER-X) and Gq-coupled membrane estrogen receptor (Gq-mER). These receptors act together to facilitate the function of female sex hormones in the regulation of muscle mass and contractility. The reason for multiple estrogen receptors in skeletal muscle is unclear but may stem from evolution.
Steroid hormones in surface water resources in China: systematic review and meta-analysis and probabilistic ecological risk assessment
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Xiaomei Hui, Yadolah Fakhri, Zoha Heidarinejad, Vahid Ranaei, Hasti Daraei, Fereshteh Mehri, Intissar Limam, Van Nam Thai
The current work, the PRISMA protocol was used to perform a systematic review using databases including Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from 10 January 2005 to 15January 2023 (Moher et al. 2015; Aranega and Oliveira 2022; Huang et al. 2022; Tian et al. 2023). The search was conducted using the current syntax: “Steroid hormone “OR “Corticosteroids OR “Sex steroids” OR “Endocrine disruptors” OR “Estrone” OR “Estradiol” OR “Estriol” OR “17β-Estradiol” AND “Surface water” OR “River” OR “Lake” OR “Reservoir” OR “Water resources” AND “China”.
Maternal bisphenol A exposure disrupts spermatogenesis in adult rat offspring
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Patricia De Campos, Isabela M. Oliveira, Janaina Sena de Souza, Rodrigo Rodrigues Da Conceição, Gisele Giannocco, Maria I Chiamolera, Magnus R.Dias-Da Silva, Marco A. Romano, Renata Marino Romano
Estrogens also play key roles in the regulation of spermatogenesis. The three main endogenous estrogens are 17β-estradiol, estrone, and estriol, of which 17β-estradiol is the predominant and more active estrogen. 17β-estradiol is produced from testosterone by the enzyme aromatase cytochrome P450 A1 encoded by the CYP19 gene, which is located essentially in all cell types in the adult testis, including Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa (O’Donnell et al. 2006).