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Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy and Its Applications
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
ESCs originate from the blastocyst stage and divide the tissue to become derivatives of germ layers, further leading to the formation of all types of cells. Transcription factors such as octamer-binding transcription factor-4 (OCT4)and SRY-related high-mobility group box protein-2 (SOX2) are responsible for the pluripotency and self-renewal nature. The blastocyst forms the inner and outer cell mass; the inner cell mass forms embryos and the external cell mass forms the placenta. Specific conditions are maintained in growing ESC lines to separate the cells from the inner cell layer of trophoblasts and transfer them to a culture dish (Bongso 2006). In 1998, Thomson isolated human ESCs and divided them into more than 200 categories of cells, which is promising for the treatment of various diseases, described in the next session of this chapter.
Cellular Therapeutics: A Novel Modality with Great Therapeutic Potential
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Human placenta can also be used as a source of starting material for cell therapies. After procurement and isolation of the desired cells, the cells can be expanded to derive the therapeutic. As the availability of the cells from a placenta is limited, multiple sources of placenta are required, which requires appropriate testing for comparability. Pluristem Therapeutics, Inc. is an example of a company that utilizes this approach with their PLX-PAD cells for treating ischemia, muscle trauma, or inflammation, and they have successfully developed manufacturing systems and methods to show comparability between various source tissues.
Reproduction, development and work
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
The placenta consists of foetal and maternal components separated by the placental membrane, which allows transport of substances between the mother and the foetus. Large molecules, such as proteins, cannot transfer across the membrane; smaller molecules can. The membrane allows the transport of oxygen, nutrients, minerals and other essential materials to the foetus; some toxic substances such as alcohol, nicotine, sedatives, antidepressants, some antibiotics, toxic gases and other absorbed toxicants can also pass through the membrane and gain access to the foetus.
Environmental chemicals and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Placenta as a target and possible driver of pre- and postnatal effects
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Jing Li, Adrian Covaci, Da Chen
Human placenta plays a critical role during fetal development, which serves as a lung, kidney, and liver for a developing fetus, and a conduit between mother and developing fetus, mediating the maternal-fetal transfer of oxygen, nutrients, and waste (Gude et al., 2004). A growing body of evidence indicates that abnormal placental development and functions can cause numerous APOs, and pinpoints the importance of placental development to the lifelong health and disease for both child and mother (Ilekis et al., 2016). Indeed, most APOs can trace their origin to the placenta, and are rooted in the defects of early placental development (Ilekis et al., 2016). For example, placental structure and functions have been linked to the maternal development of insulin resistance and preeclampsia (Lacroix et al., 2013), gestational hypertension, and recurrent miscarriage (Fisher, 2004). Placental dysfunction could cause prematurity, IUGR, and fetal neurodevelopmental abnormalities (Norwitz, 2006; Rees & Inder, 2005). Placenta may also play a role in promulgating inter and transgenerational effects, e.g., babies with a low birth weight could have higher risks of heart disease and cancer later in life, and may affect the egg or sperm of their own children (Guttmacher et al., 2014).
Placental tissue metabolome analysis by GC-MS: Oven-drying is a viable sample preparation method
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Jacopo Troisi, Steven Symes, David Adair, Angelo Colucci, Sonia Elisa Prisco, Carmen Imma Aquino, Immacolata Vivone, Maurizio Guida, Sean Richards
The placenta is a temporary organ that provides for the exchange of nutrients and wastes between fetus and mother. Along with this vital exchange, the placenta protects the fetus from deleterious compounds (e.g., toxicants, endocrine disrupters, metals, etc.) Much of this protection occurs via endogenous metabolization processes that transform the deleterious compound into one or more metabolites and facilitates excretion. Proper metabolism in the placenta is critical. For example, impaired fetal growth and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are linked to reduced levels of 11β-HSD2 activity/expression in the placenta, resulting in increased levels of cortisol crossing into the fetus.[7–9] The placenta also protects the fetus from toxicants; for example, bisphenol A is metabolized (conjugated) to a non-toxic form in the placenta.[10,11] Many fetal complications may be better understood by examining metabolome patterns in placentae across a population. The placenta is ideal to sample because it is non-invasive, easily obtainable (often discarded as biological waste), a long-term (gestational length) representation of metabolic processes directly affecting fetal development. The placenta has great potential for researching fetal complications and outcomes (e.g., IUGR, pre-eclampsia, low birth weight) in remote or underdeveloped populations. However, even basic sample preservation in remote locations is often difficult (i.e., lack of freezers). Conversely, low-temperature tissue dehydration (i.e., a simple oven) is much more ubiquitous.