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Foodborne Pathogens and Nanoparticles as a Tool for Quality Assurance and Intervention of Foodborne Pathogens
Published in Moayad N. Khalaf, Michael Olegovich Smirnov, Porteen Kannan, A. K. Haghi, Environmental Technology and Engineering Techniques, 2020
Porteen Kannan, S. Wilfred Ruban, M. Nithya Quintoil
Tissue engineering is one more therapeutic aspect to make bone and dental implants. Natural bone surface is quite often contains features that are about 100 nm across. If the surface of an artificial bone implant were left smooth, the body would try to reject it. Because of that smooth surface is likely to cause production of a fibrous tissue covering the surface of the implant. This layer reduces the bone-implant contact, which may result in loosening of the implant and further inflammation. It was demonstrated that by creating nano-sized features on the surface of the hip or knee prosthesis, one could reduce the chances of rejection as well as to stimulate the production of osteoblasts. The osteoblasts are the cells responsible for the growth of the bone matrix and are found on the advancing surface of the developing bone.
Direct Current and Bone Growth
Published in Andrew A. Marino, Modern Bioelectricity, 2020
Bone is mainly composed of collagen, a protein, and hydroxyapatite, an inorganic calcium salt. Collagen is secreted and then assembled extracellularly to form a matrix on which the hydroxyapatite is deposited, perhaps via epitaxial precipitation (3,4). The processes of collagen polymerization and hydroxyapatite precipitation occur in a spatial and temporal sequence that ultimately results in the formation of microscopically recognizable layers called lamellae. Lamellation is an end-stage structural pattern; sometimes it is preceded by woven bone, a less organized pattern in which the collagen fibers are randomly arranged like the fibers in a felt. Woven bone occurs in various pathological conditions, but in normal physiology it is an interim material, and is replaced by lamellar bone (5).
Nanocomposite Nanofibrous Webs for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review
Published in Mangala Joshi, Nanotechnology in Textiles, 2020
Rahul Sahay, Seeram Ramakrishna
Bone tissue provides shape, mechanical support, movement, as well as protection to the body [38]. The skeletal system of the bone helps in mineral homeostasis and regulation of energy metabolism. To overcome day-to-day wear and tear, bones can undergo remodeling to adapt to mechanical stress while maintaining bone health [39]. Typically, osteoclasts and osteoblasts are the bone cells responsible for the restoration of bone tissue and bone formation, respectively [40]. However, these natural mechanisms are not able to repair large bone defects. Further, artificial solutions such as implantation of a temporary or permanent prosthesis remain inferior to natural bone grafts in their regenerative capabilities [41].
Vitamin D3 supplementation reduces serum markers of bone resorption and muscle damage in female basketball players with vitamin D inadequacy
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Emilija Stojanović, Vladimir Jakovljević, Aaron T. Scanlan, Vincent J. Dalbo, Dragan Radovanović
Over the past decade, the number of studies reporting the importance of vitamin D intake for cell and tissue function has increased dramatically (He et al., 2016; Owens et al., 2018; Todd et al., 2015; Di Luigi et al., 2020). It is accepted that vitamin D plays an important role in the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis and therefore is essential for bone health (Todd et al., 2015). Beyond the well-established role of vitamin D in bone and mineral homeostasis, the presence of vitamin D receptors in skeletal muscle cells has sparked a debate about the potential impact of vitamin D on skeletal muscle function and metabolism (He et al., 2016). In athletes, low vitamin D levels are associated with poor bone health (de la Puente Yagüe et al., 2020), can reduce muscle regenerative capacity after exercise (Shuler et al., 2012), and can impair immune function increasing the risk of upper respiratory tract infections (Willis et al., 2008). Therefore, maintaining proper vitamin D levels is likely important in athletes to assist in recovery and maintain training outputs.
Loading Psoralen into liposomes to enhance its stimulatory effect on the proliferation and differentiation of mouse calvarias osteoblasts
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2019
Xiaoran Li, Vasil M. Garamus, Na Li, Zhe Zhe, Regine Willumeit-Römer, Aihua Zou
Osteoporosis is one of the most common human skeletal diseases, which could increase bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture since low bone-mass density and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue.[1,2] The National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) has been reported that approximately 10 million US adults aged 50 years and older had osteoporosis and an additional 33 million had low bone mass.[3,4] In China, the prevalence of osteoporosis has increased from 14.94% before 2008 to 27.96% during the period spanning 2012-2015, which affecting more than one-third of people aged 50 years and older.[5] Most osteoporosis is caused by increased bone resorption, many patients with osteoporosis have been treated with anti-resorptive drugs (estrogens, bisphosphonates, calcitonin), which could maintain bone mass by inhibiting osteoclast resorption.[6] However, the effect of these drugs on osteoblast formation and function is minor, no more than 2% per year for bone mass increase.[7] In addition, the potential complications also limited their usage for osteoporosis treatment.[8] Traditional Chinese herbal medicine have been widely used to treat osteoporosis for thousands of years, including Herba Epimedii,[9,10] Fructus Cnidii,[11] Tanshinone.[12]
Development of biomimetic electrospun polymeric biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. A review
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Sugandha Chahal, Anuj Kumar, Fathima Shahitha Jahir Hussian
Bone has a varied arrangement of hierarchical structures, which start from the nano-scale and span over several orders of length scales up to macroscopic bone [46]. There are two types of bone: compact or cortical bone and cancellous or spongy bone. Compact bone is found in the shafts of long bone and consists of various cylindrical units named as Haversian system [47]. as shown in Figure 2. Each system contains Haversian canals surrounded by concentric lamellae of bone tissue [48]. The main function of Harversian canals is to transport the metabolic substances by marrow cavity with the support of inter-communicating systems of Volkmann’s, lacunae and canaliculi canals [49]. At micro-scale the cancellous bone is composed of cellular structure and mainly found at the ends of long bones and flat bones. It is composed of interconnected network of trabeculae and provides intercommunicating spaces [50]. The Haversian canals are absent in trabecular bone [51], and the cells are virtually closed (Figure 2) which provide the high-density in the range of 0.05 to 0.7 g/cm3 [52].