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Magnetic Separation
Published in David A. Cardwell, David C. Larbalestier, Aleksander I. Braginski, Handbook of Superconductivity, 2022
James H. P. Watson, Peter A. Beharrell
Although new designs for high-gradient magnetic separators (HGMS) involving permanent magnets are put forward and constructed [7–10] for certain applications even today, the use of an electromagnet to provide a very high operating field became generally accepted for industrial-scale devices. Permanent magnets are therefore largely limited to use in low-gradient systems used in the processing of mineral ores.
The Geosphere and Geochemistry
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
The combination of two characteristics is unique to a particular mineral. These characteristics are a defined chemical composition, as expressed by the mineral's chemical formula, and a specific crystal structure, the way in which the atoms and ions in the mineral crystal are arranged relative to each other. The physical properties of minerals used to characterize them are hardness, luster, color, streak, specific gravity, cleavage, fracture, and tenacity (color, hardness).5
Introduction
Published in Natalia Yakovleva, Edmund Nickless, Routledge Handbook of the Extractive Industries and Sustainable Development, 2022
Natalia Yakovleva, Edmund Nickless
As primary materials for other industrial sectors, minerals and metals are used throughout the world in manufacturing, construction, infrastructure, making electronic and electrical equipment, and the production of consumer goods, as well industrial products and machinery. The supply and demand of mineral resources is a global phenomenon, and investigation of this topic is of interest to major industrialised nations, industrial producers, and manufacturers. Mineral supply is of major concern for many populous, large nations that develop policies on mineral supply for industrial development and competitiveness of their industries, including ethical, environmental, and social implications of mineral production beyond their national borders.
An unconventional approach in investigating wettability contact angle measurement in shale resources
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2022
Salah Almudhhi, Mohammed Alostath, Waleed Al-Bazzaz, Hamid Sharifigaliuk, Ali Qubian
A mineral is a naturally occurring, crystalline, inorganic solid which is homogeneous chemical composition with limited impurities that has unique internal structure and unique physical properties. Shale is a rock that is naturally occurring solid consists of many common minerals. In Table 2, there are 18 minerals investigated from global data. Some minerals are dominant such as silicates (mainly Clays and Feldspars). Other minerals are less dominant found in shale structures as well, such as oxides (mainly Quartz and to lesser quantities: Hematite and Limonite), others are varied in quantities such as sulfides (Pyrite) and Carbonates (Calcite and Dolomites). The remaining minerals exist as coexistent partner (Halite, Phosphorite, Anhydrite and Gypsum), or elemental such as (Carbon). Also, in each mineral available in the shale rock there are numerous elemental impurities are reported (Table 4).
Research on the impact of mineral type and bitumen ageing process on asphalt-mineral adhesion performance based on molecular dynamics simulation method
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2021
A mineral is a crystal in which molecules or atoms are arranged in a regular pattern. Crystal structure parameter includes the lattice size (length a, b, c and angle α, β, γ) and constituent elements (such as O, Si, K, Ca). The crystal structure greatly affects the mineral’s property and further affects the performance of aggregate. In this study, quartz and calcite were selected to study their bonding behaviour with bitumen of different ageing states. The two minerals generally existed in geology and present different hydrophilic or lipophilic, which result in significantly different adhesion and stripping performance. Another reason for selecting them is that it is convenient to verify using a laboratory test method due to their high purity in some aggregate. Table 1 shows cell parameters of two minerals. To build the mineral super cell, the unit cell was inserted and cleaved along [1 0 0] and [0 0 1] to form the surface for SiO2 and CaCO3, respectively. Geometry optimisation was conducted first and then the super cell was realised by increasing unit cell number in x and y directions. A vacuum layer of 0 Å was added to the surface because of three-dimensional periodic boundary condition. Figure 3 shows two mineral models. For quartz, a = 58.9 Å, b = 64.8 Å, c = 21.9 Å, α = β = γ = 90°. For calcite, a = b = 59.9 Å, c = 18.2 Å, α = β = 90°, γ = 120°.
Mineral and mineralogy in late Qing China: translations and conceptualizations, 1860s–1910s
Published in Annals of Science, 2021
Another outstanding example is Kotô Bunzirô (1856–1935). Kotô published his first work on mineralogy in 1884, giving it the ambiguous title of Kinsekigaku: itimê kôbutugaku (A study of metals and rocks, or mineralogy), including both kinsekigaku and kôbutugaku as alternative translations of mineralogy.92 But in the book, he refrained from using kinseki. Clearly, his understanding is that the Earth is constituted by rocks and soil, which are composed of minerals. Kinseki, which literally includes rocks and metals, is not appropriate.93 One year later, he published another book and named it just Kôbutugaku. He refused to use the term of kinsekigaku as the translation of mineralogy, because he believed that the term did not cover what mineralogy concerned.94 He explicitly defined mineralogy as a study of minerals, distinguishing it from the studies of rocks and soil.95 Kotô was the crucial figure for rectifying the names of mineral and mineralogy. His shift in focus from kinseki to kôbutu manifests the contemporary understanding of what minerals and mineralogy were.