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Antwerp's Petroleumscape
Published in Carola Hein, Oil Spaces, 2021
In this context, the case of Antwerp is even more intriguing. Oil and diamond, substances that historically engendered the city’s wealth, are both carbon-based. Diamond is a solid form of carbon. Crude oil is a mixture of comparatively volatile liquid hydrocarbons that releases carbon when burned.35 The carbon cycle, made of the different paths of carbon in the environment—between ocean, soils, vegetation, air, and so on—is one of the main dynamic elements of Earth’s climate. Diamonds and oil symbolize inorganic and organic processes on different time scales. The materials are associated with opposing qualities: eternity and immanence with the one, and unbridled consumption, immediate effect, and exhaustibility with the other.
Coal
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Energy Security for The 21st Century, 2021
Some of our daily encounters with, and major uses of, carbon are: Graphite combined with clays form the “lead” used in pencils.Diamonds are used for decorative purposes, and also as drill bits.Carbon is added to iron to make steel products.Carbon is used for control rods in nuclear reactors.Graphite carbon in a powdered, caked form is used as charcoal for cooking, artwork and other uses.Charcoal pills are used in medicine in pill or powder form to adsorb toxins or poisons from the digestive system.Carbon compounds are used in a great number of medical preparations.Basically, all compounds in the so-called organic chemistry branch are carbon based. This includes, coal, crude oil, natural gas, and all their derivatives.
Keynote Address
Published in C.V.J. Varma, B.S.K. Naidu, A.R.G. Rao, Silting Problems in Hydro Power Plants, 2020
One of the startling characteristics of silt content in Indian rivers is that most of silt consists of quartz particles, which have a hardness of 7 on Mohr's scale. It has been observed that quartz content is as high as 90%. Diamond is the hardest element and it has hardness of 10 on Mohr's scale. The relative hardness of stainless steel is (13/4), of which turbines are generally casted. It can be appreciated how hard are quartz particles as compared to the turbine material and they cause more damage when associated with high velocity flow.
Insights on self-assembly of carbon in the processes of thermal transformations under high pressures
Published in Functional Diamond, 2023
V. A. Davydov, V. N. Agafonov, T. Plakhotnik, V. N. Khabashesku
Implementation of synthesis of diamond under high pressures and temperatures based on hydrocarbon growth systems, which do not contain a traditional metal catalysts, allows the production of the most pure diamond materials. Besides that, the introduction of doping additives in the form of specific heterorganic compounds into a growth mixture enables the synthesis of ultranano-, nano-, submicro-, and micron-sized fractions of diamond materials with different types of electroactive and optically active impurity centers which opens the opportunity for synthesis of diamond materials with the desired properties, so called functional diamonds. It should be noted that due to the recent appearance of several perspective quantum-physical and biomedical application trends, the nano-sized diamond materials with the impurity-vacancy MV (NV, SiV, GeV, SnV, and PbV) optical centers [52–57] became of high demand.
A single-crystalline diamond X-ray detector based on direct sp3-to-sp2 conversed graphene electrodes
Published in Functional Diamond, 2022
Qilong Yuan, Linyue Liu, Dan Dai, Yuhong Zhou, Ying Liu, Mingyang Yang, Mengting Qiu, Zhenglin Jia, He Li, Kazhihito Nishimura, Geng Tian, Kuan W. A. Chee, Shiyu Du, Cheng-Te Lin, Nan Jiang, Xiaoping Ouyang
Diamond is an ultrawide bandgap semiconductor showing great potential applications in radiation detectors and particle physical applications, due to its fantastic properties, such as ultrawide bandgap (5.47 eV) [1,2], high carrier mobility (4,500 and 3,800 cm2 V−1 s−1 for electrons and holes, respectively) [3], high breakdown field (≈107 V cm−1) [4,5] and high radiation hardness [6,7]. Compared to other semiconductors, like Si, Ge and GaAs, diamond devices can operate under a temperature and radiation hardness high up to 500 °C and 1015 ions cm−2, respectively, where devices made of traditional semiconductors do not have a long-term durability [8,9]. In the early 1950s, natural diamond was selected to fabricate X-ray, electron, proton, and neutron detectors [10,11]. However, the non-producibility, uncontrollable defects and impurity concentrations of natural diamond restrict its further applications in electronic devices [12,13]. In recent years, with the mature of synthesis technology of artificial diamond through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) method, single crystalline diamond with large size and low impurities can be synthesized both in laboratory and industry [14]. Especially, diamond synthesized by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) method can have an ultrahigh purity with impurity concentration <5 ppb, which further pushes the investigation of diamond semiconductors in electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Research on controllable ozone oxidation on diamond surface
Published in Functional Diamond, 2022
Tao Qiu, Meihua Liu, Tangbangguo Zhou, Xu Lin, Bin Xu
Since natural diamonds are extremely scarce, synthetic diamonds produced with high temperature and pressure are used as a substitute. Carbon atoms on the synthetic diamond surfaces frequently integrate with atoms of other elements to compose different surface terminations, due to the influence of diamond production processes (such as CVD, etc.). According to the different chemical states of diamond surface, diamond can be roughly divided into two types: C–H bond terminations (called hydrogen terminations) and C–O bond terminations (called oxygen terminations). Typically, diamond films end in C–H bonds, while diamond particles end in C–O bonds. The diamond surface ending with C–O bond usually contains hydroxyl (–OH), carboxyl (–COOH), bridge oxygen (C–O–C), carbonyl (C = O) and so on [2–4]. The physical and chemical properties of diamonds are greatly affected by them [5].