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The Geosphere and Geochemistry
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Most of the solid Earth's crust consists of rocks. Rocks are composed of minerals, where a mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite internal crystal structure and chemical composition. A rock is a solid, cohesive mass of pure mineral or an aggregate of two or more minerals.
Petroleum Geological Survey
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
The litho-logy of a rock unit is a description of its physical characteristics, rock type, origin, color, texture, grain size, mineral nature and composition, constituent distribution and rock structure. Litho-logy stratigraphy is based on subdividing rock sequences (layers) into individual litho-stratigraphic units. Originally the term ‘litho-logy’ was used for rock types. The three major rock types are sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. Stratigraphy distinguishes rock formation on the basis of litho-logy. A ‘rock formation’ is a distinct unit of the whole rock. A rock formation has particular litho-logical characteristics that differentiate the formation from other formations of the rock.
Aggregates
Published in A. Bahurudeen, P.V.P. Moorthi, Testing of Construction Materials, 2020
Rocks are formed by the solidification of magma and lava, as magma and lava get exposed to variation in temperature and pressure that result in crystallization. Igneous rocks are of above-mentioned types, where the change in phase takes place from liquid to solid due to the exothermic process, where heat is released. The surface of the earth is mainly made up of igneous rock. The classification of igneous rocks is based on their composition and texture.
Pollution Characteristics, Spatial Distribution, and Health Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal(loid)s in Panxi District, Southwest China: A Typical Industrial City
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2023
Yi-ping Zhang, Zhe Wang, Zhen-long Zhang, Qing Sun, Ying Luo, Wen-jing Jia, Qiu-ping Zeng, Zhen-yu Wang, Jia-qian Zhang, Xi-yang Feng, Feng-yu Huang, Yu Zhao, Fa-Cheng Yi
The study area is located in Panxi District, Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province with a total area of 220 square kilometers (Figure 1). The highest elevation of the whole township is 2100 meters, while the lowest elevation is 960 meters. The terrain in the area is generally high in the northwest and low in the southeast. It is dominated by mountains, and the topography is mainly low-mid-mountain and middle-mountain. There are many types of rocks, including sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks, and magmatic rocks (Ren, Li, and Wang 2017). The climate in study area is from the south subtropical climate to the north temperate climate, with the characteristics of long summers, large daily temperature changes, dry heat, strong sunshine, and concentrated rainfall. Its annual extreme temperature ranges from 2°C-40.7°C, and the annual mean temperature is 21.3°C. The annual average rainfall is 761.6 mm, and the rainfall is concentrated in the rainy season; the annual average number of sunshine is 2700–3000 h(Yong 2014).
Reflection and transmission phenomena of SH waves in fluid saturated porous medium with corrugated interface
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
Shishir Gupta, Sandip Kumar Das, Snehamoy Pramanik
Dealing with the reflection and refraction phenomena of seismic waves in a layered media, this subject delineates the Earth model and has become an imperishable interest to the scientists and researchers of seismology and geophysicists as well as to the structural and earthquake engineers. The reflected and refracted waves are generated due to discontinuity in the material properties such as rigidity, density of the distinct layers of Earth’s structure. To acquire better knowledge, the studies of the formation of rock and the information concerning minerals and fluids which are present within the Earth, are highly beneficial. This study is also helpful to get able to detect valuable materials, hydrocarbons within the surface of the Earth. The reflection and refraction of seismic waves are affected by the hybridisms of earthlike mountain roots, mountain basin, orebodies etc. Wave propagation and its problems through anisotropic resilient media play an effective role in the ground of geophysics. There are many effective works in the literature done by several researchers on the complications of seismic wave propagation and the reflection and refraction of it from a plane boundary. Among those remarkable researchers the works of Musgrave [1], Thapliyal [2], Keith and Crampin [3], Abouelregal [4, 5], Zenkour [6] are referable. In the recent past, studies based on reflection/transmission phenomena have been delivered by Choudhury et al. [7], Ding et al. [8], Modi et al. [9] and Saha et al. [10], etc.
Elemental characterization of quartzite of Pouma sub-division of Cameroon and radiation attenuation properties based on XCOM and GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2022
Patricia-Laurelle Degbe, Cebastien Joel Guembou Shouop, Daniel Bongue, Merylle Glawdys Beyinda, Maurice Ndontchueng Moyo, Moïse Godfroy Kwato Njock
In recent decades, continuous growth of interest in ionizing radiation and studies have shed light on material properties and their use in human daily life. Since human beings are immersed in a bath of ionizing radiations coming from the terrestrial origin, cosmic radiation, and manmade activities using radioactive sources, the attenuation measurements of X- and gamma-rays have become an important part of numerous diverse fields of applied physics. Protection against ionizing radiation is important and essential in order to minimize the hazards caused by non-controlled radiation exposure. To ensure this protection it is necessary to know the physical and chemical properties of building material and geological components (soil, rock, sand, sediment) (1). For thousands of years, building materials have appeared through geological resources spread and present on the earth. Being part of the adequate geological resources and considered as one of the building materials, rocks are widely used for ornamental purposes, for the construction of houses and roads, and humans living in contact with such material could be exposed if scientific investigations have not been taken to unveil their content and regulate the use of such materials. Rocks are sometimes used as shielding materials because of their easy access, availability, and low cost compared to Glass alloys. Many studies have been done worldwide and several scientists have reported the properties of rocks used as shielding materials (2–5).