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Petroleum Geological Survey
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
Sedimentary rock is important from the point of view of petroleum. Sedimentary rock is a thin layer of solid material (sediment) overlaying the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the earth’s crust. Sedimentary rock is composed of different organic and inorganic materials and minerals and are formed by gradual deposition, accumulation and sedimentation of the organic and inorganic matter (sediments) on land surface and in aquatic (sea, lake) bottom. The deposition of the large amount of sediments forming rock takes geological time. Strata of sediments lie on top of each other. The deposition and preservation of organic matter, its conversion to petroleum, migration and accumulation occurred in the subsurface sedimentary rock.
Our Earth, its minerals and ore bodies
Published in Odwyn Jones, Mehrooz Aspandiar, Allison Dugdale, Neal Leggo, Ian Glacken, Bryan Smith, The Business of Mining, 2019
Odwyn Jones, Mehrooz Aspandiar, Allison Dugdale, Neal Leggo, Ian Glacken, Bryan Smith
Sedimentary rocks typically form in areas of low to negative topographic relief with respect to sea level, where minerals, derived from pre-existing rocks, are subjected to weathering, transportation and eventual deposition and lithification. The pre-existing rocks may be igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary in origin. Sedimentary rocks are classified as clastic, chemical or organic. Clastic rocks are formed from the weathering of terrestrial rocks. The minerals and rock fragments from this process are transported by water, wind or ice over variable distances and finally deposited and lithified. Chemical sediments by contrast are developed as a result of precipitation from a fluid e.g. evaporites. Organic sediments are dominated by organic material e.g. shells, carbon.
Fate and Transport in the Subsurface
Published in Benjamin Alter, Environmental Consulting Fundamentals, 2019
The materials in the subsurface generally fall into two categories: bedrock and soils. Bedrock consists of either igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rock. Igneous rocks originate from cooling magma that has welled up from deep within the earth’s crust, or from cooling lava from volcanoes at the surface of the earth. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the consolidation of sediments by the removal of water from their pore structure, usually due to the pressure of overlying sediments or dessication at or near the surface, or through chemical or biological activity, as in the case of limestone. Metamorphic rocks are created by changing the molecular structure its component minerals by the application of heat and pressure to igneous or sedimentary rocks.
GIS based assessment of rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility of sensitive marine clays: a case study
Published in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 2021
Mohammad Al-Umar, Mamadou Fall, Bahram Daneshfar
The position of the studied area is within a physiographic area identified as the Ottawa Valley Clay Plain. This region contains a high proportion of sensitive marine silty clay deposits, which are relatively thick and were deposited in the Champlain Sea basin after successive glaciations. Such deposits are defined as Champlain Sea or Leda clay. They overlie the glacial till, which in turn, overlies the bedrock (Schut and Wilson 1987). There are many types of sedimentary rocks that are found in this region, such as sandstones, dolostones, limestones and shale. In addition, the last deposits of silty sand locally overlie the sensitive marine clays. Organic soils (like peat) have also been found in certain badly drained regions (Schut and Wilson 1987). Within the different types of marine clays, two major units can be found. The upper unit consists of clay, silty clay and silt locally overlain by thinly interbedded sand and silty sand. The lower unit is blue grey clay, sometimes mottled in places. Typically, the clay is underlain by coarse glaciofluvial or glacial lacustrine sediments or till up to 1 m in thickness. These deposits overlie relatively flat lying limestone (Schut and Wilson 1987). The surface soils are deposits which are found resultant of the recession of the Champlain Sea (Stantec Consulting Ltd 2010).
Pre-1.94 to post-1.88 Ga sediment depositional environment and c. 1.94 Ga felsic magmatism in the Knaften area, northern Sweden
Published in GFF, 2019
Annika Wasström, Hannu Huhma, Raimo Lahtinen, Jenny Andersson, Fredrik Hellström
More detailed mapping was undertaken in the south-eastern part of the Knaften area. Here one sandstone sample (A2334) for U-Pb zircon age dating and geochemistry was taken (Fig. 4). The lithologies of the area consist of sedimentary, mafic to intermediate volcaniclastic rocks and minor mafic to intermediate coherent and pyroclastic rocks. The sedimentary rocks are mainly interbedded shale, mudstone, siltstone and sandstone, while coarser sandstone beds are rare. The single bed thickness is normally 1–5 cm, but is variable between 0.1 and 50 cm. Due to small and sparse outcrops, the maximum thickness of beds could not be estimated. In this part of the Knaften area, the sedimentary rocks consist of laterally more continuous planar beds than the more discontinuous bedding which is more common elsewhere in the area. However, individual beds can rarely be traced from one outcrop to the next.
Investigation of the effect of particle size, petrographic composition, and rank on the flotation of Western Canadian coals
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2021
Maria Holuszko, Amit Kumar, Vinoth Kumar Kuppusamy, Jophat Engwayu
The coal, an organic sedimentary rock, contains both organic and inorganic matter. The organic matter, referred to as macerals, originates from plant materials, while the inorganic matter is present in the form of minerals (Laskowski 2001; Stach et al. 1982). According to the International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology, macerals are classified into three groups, namely vitrinite (huminite in low-rank coal), inertinite, and liptinite (ICCP 1998, 2001; Sykorova et al. 2005). For a given rank and degree of oxidation, coal hydrophobicity and floatability are primarily determined by the coal surface chemistry, maceral composition, oxidation of organic matter and mineral matter present in coal (Holuszko and Mastalerz 2015; Klassen 1953; Laskowski 2001).