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Machine Learning Approach with Data Normalization Technique for Early Stage Detection of Hypothyroidism
Published in Mitul Kumar Ahirwal, Narendra D. Londhe, Anil Kumar, Artificial Intelligence Applications for Health Care, 2022
Madhusudan G. Lanjewar, Rajesh K. Parate, Jivan S. Parab
The thyroid is a little gland in the neck region that produces thyroid hormones. It may produce hormones in large quantities or little. Hypothyroidism is a condition wherein the thyroid gland is unable to release sufficient amounts of thyroid hormones. These hormones help control the metabolism of the body and further affect how the body uses energy. Lacking the accurate amount of thyroid hormones, the body's normal functions start to impede, and the body faces changes each day. The symptoms are mood swings, happiness, sadness, fatigue, depression, constipation, feeling cold, weight gain, muscle weakness, dryness, thinning hair, and slowed heart rate. Hyperthyroidism is a situation when the thyroid gland makes excessive thyroid hormones [1]. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism are nervousness, restlessness, inability to concentrate, increased appetite, difficulty sleeping, itching, hair loss, nausea, and vomiting. For diagnosis, entire medical history and physical tests like free T4, T3, cholesterol, and TSH tests are required. As these tests produce a large amount of data, ML can be used for finding crucial features from a large amount of data. Due to this ML can be used in combination with medical science for accurate diagnosis of hypothyroidism disease [2].
Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnostics
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Jim Ballinger, Jacek Koziorowski
Hypothyroidism is diagnosed as reduced accumulation of 123I-iodide and is associated with sensitivity to cold, little appetite, and low energy. In children it can result in cretinism with abnormal bone formation and mental retardation. Hypothyroidism can be treated with thyroxine tablets. In contrast, hyperthyroidism (increased accumulation of 123I-iodide) is associated with sensitivity to heat, excessive appetite, and hyperactivity. It may be evident as a goiter or bulge in the neck. Hyperthyroidism can be treated with drugs, but radioiodine is also used. Hyperthyroidism can also result from thyroiditis, an inflammation that can eventually lead to hypothyroidism. The thyroid image in hypo- or hyperthyroidism is relatively uniform; however, in other conditions focal hot or cold spots may be seen. Solitary thyroid nodules are generally benign but should be investigated with a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy to determine if it is cancerous.
Reprotoxic and Endocrine Substances
Published in Małgorzata Pośniak, Emerging Chemical Risks in the Work Environment, 2020
Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
Conversely, hyperthyroidism may lead to cardiovascular system disorders (atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, angina pectoris, and acute myocardial infarction) or nervous system disorders (apathy, depression, confusion, and fatigue). A state of increased catabolism also leads to muscular atrophy, especially of the quadriceps. Hyperthyroidism is also linked to bone mass loss and a tendency for bone fracture. One of the most common forms of thyreotoxicosis is the Graves’ disease, currently seen as an autoimmune disease, characterized, among others, by ophthalmopathy and pretibial myxedema. Hyperthyroidism is also caused by hormonally active adenomas, secreting excessive amounts of T3 and T4. A thyroid crisis (thyrotoxic crisis), an acute exacerbation of hyperthyroidism symptoms, is life-threatening due to its severe course [Greenspan and Gardner 2004].
Effective K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithms Performance Analysis of Thyroid Disease
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2021
Hafiz Abbad Ur Rehman, Chyi-Yeu Lin, Zohaib Mushtaq
The thyroid gland is found on the verge of the neck and is responsible for secreting thyroid hormones which play an important role in the metabolism of the human body (Amercian Thyroid Association 2020a). When this gland secretes an excessive amount of hormone, this is called hyperthyroidism. Whereas, inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones results in hypothyroidism (Shroff et al. 2015). In hyperthyroidism, due to an abnormally high amount of secretion, metabolism of the human body is fast, and a person may experience symptoms such as rapid weight loss, irregular heartbeat, and elevated blood pressure (Medline Plus 2020a): On the other hand, hypothyroidism occurs due to insufficient hormone secretion which may result in a person experiencing slow metabolism, weight gain, low pulse rate, and low blood pressure as its symptoms (Medline Plus 2020b). To identify the thyroid disease, a physician usually performs a blood test to measure the T4, T3, and TSH hormone levels (Pal, Anand, and Dubey 2018; Amercian Thyroid Association 2020b).