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Machine Learning Approach with Data Normalization Technique for Early Stage Detection of Hypothyroidism
Published in Mitul Kumar Ahirwal, Narendra D. Londhe, Anil Kumar, Artificial Intelligence Applications for Health Care, 2022
Madhusudan G. Lanjewar, Rajesh K. Parate, Jivan S. Parab
The thyroid is a little gland in the neck region that produces thyroid hormones. It may produce hormones in large quantities or little. Hypothyroidism is a condition wherein the thyroid gland is unable to release sufficient amounts of thyroid hormones. These hormones help control the metabolism of the body and further affect how the body uses energy. Lacking the accurate amount of thyroid hormones, the body's normal functions start to impede, and the body faces changes each day. The symptoms are mood swings, happiness, sadness, fatigue, depression, constipation, feeling cold, weight gain, muscle weakness, dryness, thinning hair, and slowed heart rate. Hyperthyroidism is a situation when the thyroid gland makes excessive thyroid hormones [1]. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism are nervousness, restlessness, inability to concentrate, increased appetite, difficulty sleeping, itching, hair loss, nausea, and vomiting. For diagnosis, entire medical history and physical tests like free T4, T3, cholesterol, and TSH tests are required. As these tests produce a large amount of data, ML can be used for finding crucial features from a large amount of data. Due to this ML can be used in combination with medical science for accurate diagnosis of hypothyroidism disease [2].
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Human Biology
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
As mentioned above, the cardiovascular system is working parallel and in perfect coordination with the respiratory system for the delivery of oxygen. One cannot do without the other. The system is composed of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. Cardiovascular system also has other important functions as well, as it will deliver nutrients to needed body areas, in addition to oxygen. Moreover, it delivers the immune components, like antibodies, white blood cells, cytokines, to needed body areas quickly and efficiently. Besides the need of respiratory system, this system also needed nervous and endocrine systems to fulfill its functions. For example, thyroid hormone from the endocrine system is instrumental in affecting the heart beat rate and nervous system controls the arterial tone, which in turn affects the blood pressure. Therefore, when endocrine functions are abnormal, the cardiac functions would be inevitably affected. Hyperthyroidism, with excessive thyroid hormone secreted, leads to increase in resting heart rate, blood volume, stroke volume, myocardial contractility, ejection fraction of the heart, and ultimately to high-output heart failure. Hypothyroidism, with insufficient thyroid hormone, on the other hand, results in lower heart rate and weakened myocardial contraction, and could lead to increased risk of coronary heart disease (Vargas-Uricoechea et al. 2014).
Inorganic Chemicals in Drinking Water
Published in Joseph Cotruvo, Drinking Water Quality and Contaminants Guidebook, 2019
Iodine is an essential nutrient that is toxic, but only at high doses. Iodide or iodate are provided in nutritional supplement tablets to compliment inadequate dietary intake, and used to treat hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormones, triiodothyroxine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) are important in protein synthesis, enzymatic activity and metabolism, as well as for neurological and skeletal development in fetuses and infants. Dietary iodide is transported in the blood stream to the thyroid by the NIS (sodium iodide symporter protein). Many other common anions such as perchlorate, bromate, bromide, thiocyanate, and nitrate are also transported competitively by the same transporter. Inadequate iodine intake can result in thyroid hormone deficiency, and goiter, so it is essential that there be sufficient iodine daily consumption of iodine species to compensate.
Dietary exposure to thyroid disrupting chemicals: a community-based study in Canada
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2023
Nicole Babichuk, Atanu Sarkar, Shree Mulay, John Knight, Edward Randell
Thyroid Hormones (THs) play crucial roles in human growth and development, contributing to the nervous system, bones, lungs, cardiovascular system, and metabolic functioning. THs include hormones produced by the thyroid gland, such as triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), as well as hormones produced by the pituitary, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TH levels are regulated through a negative feedback system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary, and thyroid gland.1 Peripheral metabolism of these hormones helps maintain levels within a narrow normal range.1 THs are targets of several structurally diverse endocrine disrupting chemicals.2 These exogenous substances interfere with hormone actions and cause adverse health effects in organisms.3 Thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs) are a class of endocrine disrupting chemicals that alter TH homeostasis through various mechanisms (e.g., altering receptor proteins, binding to transport proteins, modifying cellular uptake and metabolism of THs), thus interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.2
Low energy availability in female athletes: From the lab to the field
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Ida A. Heikura, Trent Stellingwerff, Jose L. Areta
Thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones modulate energy expenditure through central and peripheral pathways (McAninch & Bianco, 2014) and are the main regulator of resting metabolic rate (RMR) (Loucks & Callister, 1993). Circulating levels of thyroid hormones are regulated through integration of energy-sensing inputs in the hypothalamus (McAninch & Bianco, 2014). While T4 has not been measured in most experimental research on EA, free and total T3 has been shown to consistently be downregulated with LEA (Loucks, 2006; Loucks & Heath, 1994a; Loucks & Thuma, 2003; Loucks & Verdun, 1998; Loucks, Verdun, & Heath, 1998; Papageorgiou, 2017, 2018). A threshold EA of ∼19 to 25 kcal/kg FFM/d for 5 days has been reported to decrease T3 in a dose–response study (Loucks & Heath, 1994b) and it appears that as little as 2 days of EA of ∼11 kcal/kg FFM/d may reduce circulating T3 (Loucks & Callister, 1993). Group average reductions from baseline values have been shown to range from ∼6% at an EA of 30 kcal/kg FFM/d (Loucks & Thuma, 2003) to ∼20 to 25% at EA of 10–19 kcal/kg FFM/d (Loucks, 2006; Loucks & Heath, 1994b; Loucks & Thuma, 2003; Loucks & Verdun, 1998; Loucks et al., 1998; Papageorgiou, 2018). On the contrary, some literature suggests that LEA may increase T4 (Loucks & Callister, 1993; Loucks & Heath, 1994b), which could be related to reduced conversion of T4 to T3.
Physical activity, sports participation and exercise-related constraints in adult women with primary hypothyroidism treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Jeannette A.C. Lankhaar, Ellen Kemler, Hedwig Hofstetter, Dorine C.M. Collard, Pierre M.J. Zelissen, Janine H. Stubbe, Frank J.G. Backx
Primary hypothyroidism is the second most common endocrine disease worldwide after diabetes mellitus and is caused by thyroid hormone deficiency. Hypothyroidism can be categorised based on its time of onset (congenital or acquired) and its severity, as in overt (clinical), subclinical, and mild diseases (Biondi & Wartofsky, 2014). The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in the general population varies between 0.3% and 3.7% in the USA and between 0.2% and 5.3% in Europe (Åsvold et al., 2013; Aoki et al., 2007; Canaris et al., 2000; Garmendia Madariaga et al., 2014; Hollowell et al., 2002), depending on the definition used (Chaker et al., 2017). Hypothyroidism affects women 10 times more frequently than men, and its rate increases with age (Vanderpump, 2011). Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, which is also referred to as autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), is characterised by the presence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) in serum and is the most common cause of hypothyroidism (Caturegli et al., 2014; Chaker et al., 2017; Vanderpump, 2011). The standard treatment of hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy (THR) with levothyroxine (Chaker et al., 2017), which is one of the main prescribed drugs worldwide (Korevaar et al., 2018).