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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Thyroiditis occurs in the autoimmune conditions such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease.127 Subacute thyroiditis is a transient thyrotoxic state and results in temporary hyperthyroidism, generally lasting a few weeks but sometimes persisting for months (Figure 10.45).128 Postpartum thyroiditis is a thyroid dysfunction that manifests within one year of pregnancy. Hyperthyroidism and toxic nodular goiter are more commonly seen in older women.129 An inflammatory component is commonly present in most if not all cancers, and thyroid cancer is no exception.130 There may be an increased risk of thyroid cancer among patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.131
Physical activity, sports participation and exercise-related constraints in adult women with primary hypothyroidism treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Jeannette A.C. Lankhaar, Ellen Kemler, Hedwig Hofstetter, Dorine C.M. Collard, Pierre M.J. Zelissen, Janine H. Stubbe, Frank J.G. Backx
Primary hypothyroidism is the second most common endocrine disease worldwide after diabetes mellitus and is caused by thyroid hormone deficiency. Hypothyroidism can be categorised based on its time of onset (congenital or acquired) and its severity, as in overt (clinical), subclinical, and mild diseases (Biondi & Wartofsky, 2014). The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in the general population varies between 0.3% and 3.7% in the USA and between 0.2% and 5.3% in Europe (Åsvold et al., 2013; Aoki et al., 2007; Canaris et al., 2000; Garmendia Madariaga et al., 2014; Hollowell et al., 2002), depending on the definition used (Chaker et al., 2017). Hypothyroidism affects women 10 times more frequently than men, and its rate increases with age (Vanderpump, 2011). Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, which is also referred to as autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), is characterised by the presence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) in serum and is the most common cause of hypothyroidism (Caturegli et al., 2014; Chaker et al., 2017; Vanderpump, 2011). The standard treatment of hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy (THR) with levothyroxine (Chaker et al., 2017), which is one of the main prescribed drugs worldwide (Korevaar et al., 2018).
Exposure of Akwesasne Mohawk women to polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene is associated with increased serum levels of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Florence Lee, Mia V. Gallo, Lawrence M. Schell, Julia Jennings, David A. Lawrence, Akwesasne Task Force On the Environment
The study has some limitations. Participants within the study were under 40 years of age and did not include women who used hormonal contraceptives. As a result, the findings might not be generalizable to a broader population. The sample size is small, as the number of women with above normal levels of TPOAbs is less than women with normal levels of TPOAbs. The analysis needs to be replicated in future studies with a larger sample. As women recruited in the study had higher PCB burdens of specific congeners than the general population, the results might not represent the general population. Autoantibodies to thyroglobulin, a possible sign of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, were not measured. Thyroid function tests were not conducted which could have identified possible hypothyroidism.
Consumption of water contaminated by nitrate and its deleterious effects on the human thyroid gland: a review and update
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Edgar García Torres, Rebeca Pérez Morales, Alberto González Zamora, Efraín Ríos Sánchez, Edgar Héctor Olivas Calderón, José de Jesús Alba Romero, Esperanza Yasmín Calleros Rincón
As indicated previously, the formation of NO can take place through the L-arginine-NOS or nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, and is such formation of NO that also has been related to a disruption in thyroid function, such relationship may occur by inhibition in the growth of thyrocytes in response to the presence of IL-1/IFN- γ (Motohashi et al. 1996), besides, it has been indicated that the production of NO can be linked to the pathogenesis of inflammation and tissue damage due to the formation of nitrite peroxide, characteristic signs in autoimmune diseases of the TG such as Graves´ disease and Hashimoto´s thyroiditis (Figueroa-Vega et al. 2008), or by the stimulation of the inflammatory response and prostaglandins through TNF-α and IFN-γ within thyroid cells (Khan et al. 2015). The presence of nitric oxide in thyroid tissue has also been shown to promote inhibition of NIS, Forkhead FoxE1 factor, thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin, although the mechanism of disruption is still not fully elucidated (Nicola et al. 2015; Bazzara et al. 2007; Del Mar Montesinos et al. 2016). Furthermore, the role of NO in carcinogenesis is complex, affecting all stages of carcinogenesis by modulating cell division and growth, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and even metastasis, and also promoting genotoxicity and mutagenicity due NO overproduction and overexpression of iNOS which as a pro-neoplastic produces a high level of NO in many human cancers (Khazan and Hdayati 2014), while in thyroid cancer it has been related to an increase in angiogenesis, malignancy, inflammation, and as a mediator of tumor growth in conjunction with a vascular endothelial growth factor that is present in thyroid tumors (Takeuchi et al. 2001; Patel et al. 2002).