China
Africa
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Introduction to virology
Published in Amine Kamen, Laura Cervera, Bioprocessing of Viral Vaccines, 2023
Viral infections are known to cause diseases that may or may not require hospitalization; but also, they are the leading cause of a heavy mortality rate, including other health complications. Viral infection proves a greater threat to human health that can be least controlled [1]. Viruses, the causative agents of viral infections, are small, subcellular microorganisms, extremely dependent on host cells and are known as obligate intracellular and parasites. They can infect any form of life (plants, animals, bacteria, fungi). While the first virus discovered was in 1892, known as the TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) followed by foot and mouth disease virus in 1898, the first human virus was discovered only in 1901 as the yellow fever virus. But scientists did not see an actual virus until 1930. In 1915, Frederick Twort, a bacteriologist, discovered a bacteriophage, the virus that can infect bacteria, notifying it as a microorganism that would kill bacteria. Hence, it established a unique feature of the virus as their size could vary within a range between 20 nm to 1 micron. They are much smaller than the cells they could infect.
Prediction of COVID-19 in India Using Machine Learning Tools
Published in Suman Lata Tripathi, Kanav Dhir, Deepika Ghai, Shashikant Patil, Health Informatics and Technological Solutions for Coronavirus (COVID-19), 2021
From the day when the first case was reported in India, the government became active about the disease. The Indian government made and executed the strategies by learning from more affected countries. AIIMS New Delhi published a report that in India 80% of people suffering by COVID-19 are getting recovered with isolation only [19]. Less than 20% needs to be hospitalized. A tiny ratio may need an Intensive Care Unit. People with low immunity such as the elderly, pregnant women and patients with chronic diseases (High Blood Pressure, Heart Disease, Lung Disease or Diabetes) are prone to symptoms after contacting with the suffering person. Fever, Sore throat, Cough and Shortness of Breath are common symptoms which are similar to the signs of any viral infection like the common cold, influenza, etc. AIIMS published the guidelines regarding the precautions to avoid COVID-19 are as regular handwash, maintain 2-meter distance from anyone who is coughing or sneezing, etc. AIIMS’s report also said that COVID-19 could not transmit via cooked food, pets and dead body [20,21].
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
Serology (usually blood) has been a mainstay of laboratory diagnosis of viral infections. Viral serologic testing monitors the immune system’s antibody response to viral antigen exposure, including both infection and immunisation. Serological diagnosis involves the use of a variety of techniques which are constantly evolving to improve both the accuracy of the test result and also the speed at which the results can be known.
A new acute leukaemia-automated classification system
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2018
Sos Agaian, Monica Madhukar, Anthony T. Chronopoulos
Despite the presence of techniques such as flow cytometry, fluorescence in situ hybridisation and cytogenetic analysis, manual microscopic examination of blood smears still remains the first step in leukaemia diagnosis. This technique greatly depends on the operator’s ability and fatigue levels. Diagnostic confusion also occurs due to imitation of similar signs by other disorders (Serbouti et al. 1991). Also, trained haematologists are usually available at tertiary referral hospitals. The symptoms of ALL, e.g. fever, poor feeding and joint pain, are common in patients and can also be found in other benign conditions like viral infection (Madhloom et al. 2012). The diagnostic task is usually difficult because of the many features being considered (Piuri & Scotti 2004; Scotti 2005). Furthermore, due to the complex nature of the blood smear images and variation in slide preparation techniques, much work has to be done to meet real clinical demands. Thus, all these factors can lead to wrong diagnosis. The classification of the blast cells of the patients suffering from leukaemia is a very important step in the recognition of the development stage of the illness and proper treatment of the patients, especially for children (Jagadeesh et al. 2013). A leukaemia automatic classification system could act as an ancillary tool to the physicians helping them in decision-making.
Crispr biosensing and Ai driven tools for detection and prediction of Covid-19
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2023
Abdullahi Umar Ibrahim, Pwadubashiyi Coston Pwavodi, Mehmet Ozsoz, Fadi Al-Turjman, Tirah Galaya, Joy Johnson Agbo
Majority of viral pandemic affected remote and rural areas with poor healthcare systems, medical diagnostic tools for screening and detection of the infection, potent drugs for treatments and prevention strategies. The current outbreak of COVID-19 which emerged from China and spread to other countries contributes to the enormous challenges facing global health. Clinicians rely on the use of antigen-based and molecular-based method for diagnosing viral infections. These methods are less sensitive, accurate, require a lot of chemical reagents, take longer time, required the need of technical expert and cannot be deployed to site of outbreak for use as point of care diagnosis.