China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Design and production of vaccines against COVID-19 using established vaccine platforms
Published in Amine Kamen, Laura Cervera, Bioprocessing of Viral Vaccines, 2023
Ryan Kligman, Jesús Lavado-García, Amine Kamen
Perhaps the most widely researched viral vector for both vaccines and gene therapy are adenoviruses. Adenoviruses are non-enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses that typically cause respiratory and ocular infections [44]. Over 150 primate serotypes have been identified [25]. When used as vectors for vaccines or gene therapy, the viral genome is specifically engineered by replacing the E1 and E3 adenoviral genes with the transgene of interest. The E1 gene plays a central role in viral replication and, therefore, its deletion inactivates the virus. Whereas deletion of the E3 gene allows for the insertion of large transgenes up to 8 kb [25]. Further modifications include engineering the viral capsid for altered tropism and reduced immunogenicity. This can lead to viral vectors capable of evading pre-existing immunity, targeting specific cells such as dendritic cells and even altering the stability of the vector allowing for longer shelf lives [21].
Recombinant DNA Technology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Vectors have been extensively used in molecular biology-based researches because of their advantage as the most desirable transfection vehicle. Viral vectors, especially retroviruses, stably expressing marker genes such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) are widely used to permanently label cells to track them and their progeny, such as in xenotransplantation experiments when infected cells are implanted into a host animal. One of the main applications of viral vectors is to develop vaccines to protect humans from various pathogens. Viruses expressing pathogen proteins are currently being developed as vaccines against those pathogens, based on the same rationale as DNA vaccines. T-lymphocytes recognize cells infected with intracellular parasites based on the foreign proteins produced within the cell. T-cell immunity is crucial for protection against viral infections and diseases such as malaria. A viral vaccine induces expression of pathogen proteins within host cells like the Sabin polio vaccine and other attenuated vaccines. However, because viral vaccines contain only a small fraction of pathogen genes, they are much safer, and sporadic infection by the pathogen is impossible. Adenoviruses are being actively developed as vaccines.
Recombinant DNA technology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
One of the main applications of viral vectors is to develop vaccines to protect humans from various pathogens. Viruses expressing pathogen proteins are currently being developed as vaccines against these pathogens, based on the same rationale as DNA vaccines. T-lymphocytes recognize cells infected with intracellular parasites based on the foreign proteins produced within the cell. T-cell immunity is crucial for protection against viral infections and diseases such as malaria. A viral vaccine induces expression of pathogen proteins within host cells similar to the Sabin polio vaccine and other attenuated vaccines. However, since viral vaccines contain only a small fraction of pathogen genes, they are much safer, and sporadic infection by the pathogen is impossible. Adenoviruses are being actively developed as vaccines.
Prevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) and Bovine Adenovirus (BAdV) genomes among air and surface samples in dairy production
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2020
Agata Stobnicka-Kupiec, Małgorzata Gołofit-Szymczak, Rafał L. Górny, Marcin Cyprowski
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are common worldwide and are usually involved in respiratory and enteric infections of mammals. Bovine adenovirus (BAdV), belonging to Mastadenovirus genus, can infect cattle of any breed, sex, and age. Infection usually results in disease of the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract, however, may not always result in illness and the viruses can be shed with body secretions and feces even by clinically healthy cattle. Some authors indicate the potential presence of adenoviruses in raw milk (Olson et al. 2004; Sibley et al. 2011; Sullivan and Read 1968). According to available data, adenoviruses may demonstrate potential zoonotic risk and may be suspected of being transmissible between humans and other mammals (Ghebremedhin 2014; Phan et al. 2006; Woolhouse et al. 2016).