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Application of Engineered Nanomaterials in Environmental Protection and the Visionary Future
Published in Shrikaant Kulkarni, Neha Kanwar Rawat, A. K. Haghi, Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, 2020
NMs are materials which have the structural components sized from 1 to 100 nm. They have unique properties when compared with other conventional materials, such as mechanical, electrical, optical, and magnetic properties due to their small size and higher specific surface area (SSA). NMs describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized between 1 to 1000 nanometers but usually is 1 to 100 nm. NMs research takes a material science and composite science-based approach to nanotechnology, envisioning advances in materials metrology and vast synthesis which have been developed in deep support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale (NS) level often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties. This is the major scientific vision behind application of NMs and engineered NMs. NMs are slowly commercialized and slowly beginning to emerge as industrial and scientific commodities. Scientific imagination, deep scientific transcendence and the vast scientific doctrine of nanotechnology are thus opening corridors of innovation and engineering instinct in decades to come. A new door of innovation and a new window of scientific and engineering emancipation will thus usher in a new age in nanotechnology research. In this chapter, the author deeply delves into the scientific success and the engineering profundity in the field of NMs research [25, 26].
Lighting Systems
Published in Stephen W. Fardo, Dale R. Patrick, Electrical Power Systems Technology, 2020
Stephen W. Fardo, Dale R. Patrick
The human eye responds to electromagnetic waves in the visible light band of frequencies. Each color of light has a different frequency, or wavelength. In order of increasing frequency (or decreasing wavelengths), the colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. The wavelengths of visible light are in the 400-millimicrometer (violet) to 700-millimicrometer (red) range. A micrometer (mm), which is also called a micron (μm), is one millionth of a meter, and a nanometer (nm) is 1 × 10−3 micrometer. Angstrom units (Å) are also used for light measurement. An angstrom unit is one-tenth of a nanometer. In order to avoid confusion, use the conversion chart given in Table 13-1.
The Nanoworld: Fact and Fiction
Published in John D. Cressler, Silicon Earth, 2017
Nano? From the Latin word nanus, literally “dwarf.” We’re not talking Gimli here.* Nano—1000 millionth; one billionth; 0.000000001; 1 × 10−9. Read: pretty darn tiny! Nanometer (nm), the length scale of modern electronics. Nanosecond (ns), the time scale of modern electronics. But also, nanovolt (nV), nanomole (nmol), nanoliter (nL), nanohenry (nH), nanogram (ng). Yep, nano as a free-for-all prefix is most definitely in vogue. Nanomaterials, nanoprobes, nanomedicine, nanorobots. Gulp. Welcome to the world of nanotechnology (Figure 14.1). Nanotech!
Filament-motor protein system under loading: instability and limit cycle oscillations
Published in Soft Materials, 2021
Amir Shee, Subhadip Ghosh, Debasish Chaudhuri
In plotting this graph, we used , , and . The last choice maintains . The parameters used correspond to kinesin-microtubule system (Table-I). Here the unit of length is chosen to be nm, the dimer-size of microtubules .[2] The unit of force is pN, and time is s. As before, we express dimensionless extensions , and dimensionless time .
Sustainable requirements and value proposition for milk Ultra-high temperature (UHT) packaging
Published in Supply Chain Forum: An International Journal, 2020
Cristian Camilo Aparicio-Peralta, Ana X. Halabi-Echeverry, Alejandro Puentes-Parodi
According to the technical standard NTC 3856,1 UHT milk (Ultra high temperature) must be packaged in aseptic conditions and non-returnable containers that guarantee the weather tightness of the gases and the impenetrability of the light, allowing it to be hermetically sealed and comply with Permeability and Light transmission (Table 2): Permeability: Quantity of a substance (in mass M or volume V) passing through a film of thickness (L) by a unit of surface (A), per unit of time (T) and per a unit of difference in concentrations (usually expressed as a difference in partial pressure). The permeability coefficient of a vapour barrier material is defined as the cubic centimetres of vapour at STP (standard temperature and pressure) that can pass through a barrier material per unit area (cm3).Light transmission: The unit of measurement of light is nanometres (nm). The ‘U’ value is the heat rate or energy transfer rate; the lower the value, the greater the resistance to heat transfer.
Exposure of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) to silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate: physiological and molecular response
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2020
Azam Noori, Trevor Donnelly, Joseph Colbert, Wenjun Cai, Lee A. Newman, Jason C. White
Nanomaterials (NMs) are substances that have at least one dimension less than 100 nm (Kang et al. 2018; Krishna et al. 2018) and are often engineered to enhance specific properties for various physical, chemical, or biological applications. Engineered NMs are generally categorized into (a) carbon-based NMs; (b) metal-based NMs; (c) ceramic NMs; (d) semiconductor NMs; and (e) polymeric NMs (Fakoya and Shah 2017; Hamad et al. 2018; Khan et al. in press). The range of applications for a given NM depends on its physiochemical properties; these, in turn, are determined by various factors such as type, size, morphology, and surface coating/functionalization (Khan et al. in press). Based on these properties, metal-based NMs (e.g., silver or gold) are widely applied in medicine, industry, and agriculture (Carrillo-Inungaray et al. 2018; Elahi et al.2018; Simonsen et al. 2018).