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Economics of Nanotechnology-II
Published in Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Gustavo Marques da Costa, Environmental, Ethical, and Economical Issues of Nanotechnology, 2022
Michele dos Santos Gomes da Rosa, Maurício Machado da Rosa
One application of nanotechnology in medicine currently being developed involves employing nanoparticles to deliver drugs, heat, light, or other substances to specific types of cells, such as cancer cells. Particles are engineered so that they are attracted to diseased cells, which allow direct treatment of those cells. This technique reduces damage to healthy cells in the body and allows for earlier detection of disease. For example, nanoparticles that deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells are under development. Drugs containing dendrimers for targeted delivery are also being investigated.
Nanodevices for Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Kajal Karsauliya, Sheelendra Pratap Singh, Manu Sharma
“Nanomedicine” comprises one of the significant parts of nanotechnology that introduce extremely specialized medical involvement at the molecular level providing a tool for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases [2]. The technology of nanomedicine on the ground of developing innovative nanodevices has a humongous capability to reform therapeutics and diagnostics [3]. Usually, the size of the nanoparticles is like small nanospheres as their material has been developed at an atomic or molecular level [4]. The application of nanodevices in drug delivery constitutes a significant portion of nanomedicine. The nanosystems such as conjugates of drug-polymer and polymer micelles to microparticles ranging from 1 to100 μm are proved to be useful for developing clinically convenient drug delivery systems [5]. The nanoparticles are the base of nanotechnology that governs the area of nanomedicine comprising drug delivery, biosensors, and tissue engineering [6].
Long-Term Toxicity and Regulations for Bioactive-Loaded Nanomedicines
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Iqbal Ahmad, Sobiya Zafar, Shakeeb Ahmad, Suma Saad, S. M. Kawish, Sanjay Agarwal, Farhan Jalees Ahmad
The regulation of Nanotechnology product in the United States is carried out by the FDA, which coordinates the legislative supervision by the Office of Science and Health Coordination through the Office of Commissioners. The working group suggests the scientific proposals and regulations for development, evaluation, and promotion of new pharmaceutical products (Demetzos, 2016). FDA has approved several nanomedicine products including lipo-somes, nanocrystals, albumin-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles. The important decision-making centers within FDA include Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Center for Biological Evaluations and Research (CBER), Center for Device and Radiological Health (CDRH) and Center for Veterinary (CVM). The office for control and compliance is the office of regulatory affairs (ORA). According to CDER, the controls for the nanomedicinal products should be similar to the controls of new medicine safety, as described by FDA (Zolnik and Sadrieh, 2009).
Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the trace element contents of soils
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2018
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are rapidly expanding areas and widely used in many fields such as sunscreen products, cosmetics, pigments, industrial coatings, plastic additives, semiconductors, textiles, and antibacterial agents. While exact information is not available, large quantities of synthetic nanotechnology materials are being manufactured. It is estimated that up to 1000 tons of metal oxides nanoparticles (NPs) such as zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), cerium dioxide (CeO2), and aluminum oxide (AlOx) are manufactured each year, an amount that is expected to increase, resulting in a greater discharge of NPs into ecosystems from point sources that contaminate soil and water (such as the waste emitted by different industries) or diffuse sources such as those from fuel additives or biosolids [6,7]. Due to one of the common NPs is ZnO, their widespread production and use increase the potential for the release of ZnO NPs into the environment. It was estimated that concentrations of ZnO NPs in the environment ranged from less than 100 µg/L (in water) to a few mg/kg (in soil), and its levels in the environment are expected to increase continually, given the widespread and expanding applications of this material. However, information on the ecotoxicological effect of ZnO NPs is still limited [6,8]. Further, there is a growing concern, since models suggest that soil is a major conduit to the environment for the entering of NPs more than air and water. NPs can enter the soil through intentional (e.g. soil cleaning) and unintentional activities (e.g. industrial spills, sewage sludge, and landfill sites) [8–15].
Peristaltic transportation of Carreau–Yasuda magneto nanofluid embedded in a porous medium with heat and mass transfer
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Y. Akbar, J. Iqbal, M. Hussain, H. Khan, H. Alotaibi
Nanotechnology has revolutionized various sectors of the engineering and medical industry such as energy, information technology, medicine, transportation, homeland security, ecology, and food safety. In nanotechnology, a particle is termed as a tiny object that serves as a unit in the sense of transportation and characteristics. The particles are then categorized by shape and size. Typically, these nanomaterials are 10 and 100 nm in size. Nanofluids are created by halting metal or non-metal nanomaterials in a working fluid including water, coolants, propylene glycol, oil, silk fibroin, lubricants emulsions, and biofluids to increase the heat conductivity of the liquid. Nanofluids have some special chemical features like nucleation phenomena, electrochemical reactivity, nanometer mass transportation, and size exclusion chromatography. Owing to its remarkable thermal features, nanofluids are widely used in contemporary refrigeration systems, vehicle industry, solar power collector, food-processing industry, energy storage system, paper and manufacturing, and more. Owing to these applications, several studies have been done to discuss the thermal conductivity and other relevant properties of nanofluid flows [1–6]. Hayat et al. [7] researched the impact of nanoparticles on heat and mass transfer for magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) peristaltic transportation of nanofluid with the considerations of thermal radiation, Hall current, mixed convection, and activation energy. Bhatti et al. [8] investigated the mass transfer process and entropy analysis of the asymmetric peristaltic population of MHD Williamson nanoliquid with the effects of convective boundary conditions.
Are attitudes toward labeling nano products linked to attitudes toward GMO? Exploring a potential ‘spillover’ effect for attitudes toward controversial technologies
Published in Journal of Responsible Innovation, 2019
Heather Akin, Sara K. Yeo, Christopher D. Wirz, Dietram A. Scheufele, Dominique Brossard, Michael A. Xenos, Elizabeth A. Corley
Meanwhile, there are currently no laws in the United States that mandate labeling of nano-enabled products (National Nanotechnology Initiative 2016), though at the time of writing there are currently 1,827 consumer products or product lines that use nanotechnologies on the market (Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 2017). Nanotechnology involves manipulating atoms and molecules at the nanoscale (less than 100 nanometers) and is typically used to construct or alter materials to improve their function. Nanotechnology was first used in commercial products beginning in 1999 and has since been increasingly applied to many consumer, medical, environmental, and other goods.