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Nanomaterials in Chemotherapy
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
P. K. Hashim, Anjaneyulu Dirisala
Development of any therapeutic drug consists of multiple stages such as laboratory experiments in cells/tissues, pre-clinical studies in small animals, and clinical studies in humans. In 1995, a PEGylated liposome-based DOX, Doxil® (or Caelyx®), received clinical approval in the US by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic ovarian cancer and HIV/AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Doxil® is the first nano-sized liposome approved for clinical use [86]. Later, DaunoXome®, liposomal daunorubicin, was first marketed in the United Kingdom in 1995 and later approved by the FDA in 1996. Since their inception, more than 45 nanodrug formulations were approved for clinical use by various agencies for different types of cancers (Table 8.1) [208–211] and more than 265 nanoformulations are under clinical investigation for the treatment of various types of cancer [212–214]. Approval of Hensify®/NBTXR3, a selective radio-enhancer for high energy deposition in the tumor only when exposed to ionizing radiations (on/off activity), is a revolutionary approach for the local treatment of solid tumors. Approval of Vyxeos®/CPX-351, a unique dual drug liposomal co-formulation of cytarabine and daunorubicin engineered to ratiometrically deliver the drugs at a synergistic ratio, is a breakthrough concept paves the way for a futuristic combination regimen as standard clinical care for many cancers.
Conducting Polymers for Ophthalmic Applications
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Conducting Polymers, 2022
Drugs can be taken in a variety of ways such as swallowing, injection, or inhalation. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and not all methods are suitable for all drugs. In addition, this is also related to the applied tissue or organ to which the drug is administered. For example, drug delivery to the eye has different and more difficult limitations compared to other tissues. The physiological barriers present in the eye make it difficult to administer effective drugs. Recent advances in nanotechnology and polymeric drug delivery provide a new alternative route that can be effective in the treatment of ocular(ophthalmic) diseases. Especially the use of biodegradable polymers has led to advantageous results such as increased bioavailability and retention time. Drug-active ingredients can now be delivered to the deeper tissues of the eye using nanoscale drug delivery systems [1]. Among the benefits of using polymers to deliver ocular therapeutics to tissues, it is necessary to refer to their mucoadhesive properties in the cornea and conjunctiva region. This is significant in terms of extending the penetration of the drug and residence time on the corneal surface [2].
Philosophy and Addiction
Published in Evelyn Brister, Robert Frodeman, A Guide to Field Philosophy, 2020
Recent studies in neuroscience have explored the relationship between brain chemistry and addiction. Addiction, these studies suggest, may be a consequence of a combination of genes and neurotransmitters. The move is to treat addiction as a chronic physical condition, one that needs regular monitoring and management, much like diabetes or asthma. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), part of the National Institute of Health of the United States, defines addiction as a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain—they change its structure and how it works. These brain changes can be long-lasting, and can lead to the harmful behaviors seen in people who abuse drugs.(National Institute on Drug Abuse 2018)
Molecular modeling strategy to design novel anticancer agents against UACC-62 and UACC-257 melanoma cell lines
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Abdullahi Bello Umar, Adamu Uzairu
The metabolism describes the biochemical transformation of a drug candidate by the body. Thus, drugs usually produce several metabolites, which might have different pharmacological and physicochemical properties. It is necessary to consider the metabolism of the drugs, and drug–drug interactions [46]. The Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) plays a vital role in drug metabolism because it is the main liver protein system involved in oxidation (phase-1 metabolism), as in the case of this research. To date, only 17 CYP families were identified in humans, even though only (CYP1, CYP2, CYP3 and CYP4, respectively) are involved in the drug metabolism, with a CYP (1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4, respectively) were identified to be responsible for the biotransformation of more than 90% of the drugs that undergo phase-I metabolism [46,47]. Additionally, cytochrome CYP3A4 inhibition is the most vital phenomenon in this research [48]. The results presented in Table 4 indicated that molecules DMB1, BSN1, BSN2 and BSN3 are the substrates of CYP3A4 and the inhibitors of CYP3A4, respectively.
Mathematical modelling of drug-diffusion from multi-layered capsules/tablets and other drug delivery devices
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Drugs are chemical or biological compounds that affect the human body and its functioning. The drug delivery to the biological tissues through diffusion and absorption occurs when it enters the circulatory system. The level of absorption can affect the speed and amount of the drug and its side of action. This is called bioavailability. If a tablet/capsule or some other drug delivery device (DDD) releases the drug quickly, blood levels may become too high whereas slow release may result in low levels of absorption. Addition of factors affecting bioavailability and absorption of the drugs, include properties of the drug and the physiology of the person, such as pH levels in the stomach and its speed of emptying. Therefore, specific formulations are used to release the drug at a desired speed. Common formulations include capsules, tablets, transdermal patches, solutions and other DDDs (Borchardt et al. 1996). To this end, mathematical modeling of diffusional and release processes provides detailed insights to simulate the biological systems and biomedical phenomena with the aid of computational power (Sidig 2015). To depict the desired release of the drug (from a capsule/tablet or other DDDs), to the targeted biological tissue, mathematical models in drug delivery have played a vital role to design and shape the drug delivery systems (Peppas and Narasimhan 2014).
Evaluation of medical students’ knowledge of psychoactive substances in the context of their future role in addiction prevention and therapy
Published in The New Bioethics, 2021
Katarzyna Góralska, Weronika Gawor, Szymon Lis, Michał Oszczygieł, Adam Boroński, Ewa Brzeziańska-Lasota
In addiction therapy, the role of a primary care physician is to diagnose the patient's drug addiction and introduce an initial treatment plan. Both the accurate diagnosis of drug misuse and establishing a trust-based connection with a patient can significantly affect the start time of treatment and increase the chances of positive treatment outcomes. It is challenging to distinguish between patients who require treatment with psychoactive substances and those who use these drugs for intoxication (Weaver et al.1999). Among patients using psychoactive substances, dependence may occur which is the body's adaptation to long-term drug use, manifested by tolerance and withdrawal, or addiction may develop, defined as dependence with a compulsive need to take a given substance (Taylor et al.2019). Associated problems may also include incorrect use of drugs, e.g. for non-medical reasons, omission of doses as prescribed by a doctor or consumption of too high a dose. Misuse can contribute to an increased risk of poisoning, overdose, and the development of metabolic diseases (McLellan 2017).