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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
There are ten organ systems in the human body divided on the basis of both structure (anatomy) and function (physiology). The secretion of insulin and glucagon, which are necessary for the control of blood sugar in the human body, is from the pancreas. The effect a xenobiotic produces in the human body is dependent on its physicochemical properties and thus the results of xenobiotic exposure is altered by this process of biotransformation. However, in the vast majority of situations, biotransformation terminates the effectiveness of the xenobiotic in the human body, whether beneficial or harmful. Most organs are under the influence of both nerve impulses and hormones. The ability of the immune response to protect the reader against bacteria, fungi, viruses and other parasites and other foreign matter is one of the most important defence mechanisms of the human body.
Understanding the Inner Drivers
Published in F. Allen Davis, Continuous Improvement by Improving Continuously (CIBIC), 2017
In the realm of enthusiasm, your ability to meet or exceed your physical demands will often influence your pursuit of excellence. Your physiology or lack thereof determines your physical capacity. Physiology is a science that deals with the ways that living things function. phys·i·ol·o·gy noun\ˌfi-zē-ˈä-lə-jē\: 1. a science that deals with the ways that living things function; 2. the ways that living things or any of their parts function.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
The next feature is migration of cells to different locations to adhere to each other and form multicellular structures or tissues (e.g. muscle tissue, nerve tissue, epithelial tissue and connective tissue) which may combine with other types of tissues to form organs. Organs in general have varying proportions of tissues, often arranged differently, i.e. in layers or bundles, etc. Most organs possess small similar functional sub-units, each performing the functions of the specific organ. Organs performing similar functions are often grouped together as systems. There are 10 organ systems in the human body divided on the basis of both structure (anatomy) and function (physiology). Each of these systems can be affected by exposure to environmental toxic agents whilst some play an essential role protecting the human body or minimising harm following toxic environmental exposures.
Regulation of stem cell fate and function by using bioactive materials with nanoarchitectonics for regenerative medicine
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Wei Hu, Jiaming Shi, Wenyan Lv, Xiaofang Jia, Katsuhiko Ariga
Because cell size and shape can affect cell physiology, cell geometry is established as a biophysical regulator of cell behaviours and fate. Stevens ’s group demonstrates that cell geometry contributes to variety in cytoskeleton networks and thus regulates plasma membrane lipid raft [137]. These biophysical changes trigger activation of Akt/PKB signalling and further regulate cell-geometry-dependent MSC differentiation. Their findings clarify the relationship between cell geometry and stem cell behaviour. Using polymer pen lithography, Cabezas et al. designed nanoscale anisotropic patterned matrix to direct the arranged formation of focal adhesion, which in turn facilitates the most organized cytoskeleton [138]. It is demonstrated that anisotropic focal adhesions increase MSC contractility and direct stem cells different lineage commitment.
An exploration on the toxicity mechanisms of phytotoxins and their potential utilities
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Huiling Chen, Harpreet Singh, Neha Bhardwaj, Sanjeev K. Bhardwaj, Madhu Khatri, Ki-Hyun Kim, Wanxi Peng
Alkaloids produce toxicity by changing enzyme activity, which affects cell physiology, DNA replication, and DNA repair. Because alkaloids can intercalate with DNA, they can affect the neuromuscular system (Yang & Stöckigt, 2010). There are around 20,000 different alkaloid molecules, and their toxicity and mode of action differ considerably with their structure. For example, pyrrolizidine alkaloids transform themselves into pyrroles to induce the alkylation of DNA and proteins. Moreover, they can induce tumors in humans, along with pulmonary abnormalities and liver damage (Moreira et al., 2018). Quinolone and iso-quinolone alkaloids inhibit cell division and DNA synthesis, whereas the indole-based alkaloids inhibit nucleic acid synthesis by affecting the activity of the dihydrofolate reductase enzyme (Cushnie et al., 2014; Shimshoni et al., 2015). Accidental ingestion of toxic alkaloids can have teratogenic effects through intoxication. Tropane alkaloids have traditionally been used for medicinal and hallucinogenic effects. However, they can also cause weakness in vision, dilation of the pupils, constipation, and poisoning (Afewerki et al., 2019). The common glycoalkaloids solanine and chaconine, isolated from Solanum spp., can cause neurological impairment by inhibiting the activity of acetyl choline neurotransmitters and Ca2+ transport across membranes (Yamashoji & Matsuda, 2013). To protect human and animal health, information about the biochemistry, toxicology, and pharmacology of plant-produced alkaloids is greatly needed.
Effect of ZnO nanoparticles addition to PEO coatings on AZ31B Mg alloy: antibacterial effect and corrosion behavior of coatings in Ringer’s physiological solution
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2021
Mahya Seyfi, Arash Fattah-alhosseini, Mohammadreza Pajohi-Alamoti, Elham Nikoomanzari
In addition, Figure 9 indicates that the percentage of inhibition of bacterial growth increased by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles from 1 to 4 g/L and increasing the exposing time from 2 to 6 h so that the Z4 specimen had the highest growth inhibition percentage at 6 h for S. aureus (45%) and E. coli (23.5%). As can be seen in Figure 9, in comparison to E. coli (gram-negative bacteria), S. aureus (gram-positive bacteria) seem more susceptible. Higher susceptibility of gram-positive bacteria can be highly related to the differences in the structure of metabolism, degree of contact, cell physiology, or cell wall [60]. Chemical composition is widely accepted that to play a pivotal role in the antibacterial activity of coatings [61]. It is crystal clear that MgO and ZnO can play a major part in bacterial eradication [62,63]. It has been concluded that Zn-embedded coatings can decline bacterial adhesion and prevent bacterial growth by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in light or even dark condition and releasing a high concentration of zinc ions [64]. It should be noticed that the content of Zn2+ ion release was tested for 2, 4, and 6 h and no release of Zn2+ ion was seen for all specimens, so the antibacterial mechanism of the coatings does not consider as release-killing.