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Emerging Perspectives of Virtual Reality Techniques
Published in Christopher M. Hayre, Dave J. Muller, Marcia J. Scherer, Virtual Reality in Health and Rehabilitation, 2020
Injury to the spinal cord resulting from trauma, disease, or degeneration causes neurological damage that may include partial or complete loss of sensory function and/or motor control of arms, legs, and/or body (WHO, 2020). Clinical presentation of patients with SCI varies widely depending on the location and severity of damage (Shepherd Center, 2020). SCI is often associated with long-term functional limitations related to impairments of the sensorimotor system. A recent systematic review by de Araújo et al. (2019) explored the possible benefits and efficacy of VR-based rehabilitation in individuals with SCI. A total of 25 studies (including 482 participants, 47.6 ± 9.5 years, 73% male) were analyzed with a large amount of heterogeneity noted in study design, VR protocols, and outcome measures. Only seven studies (28%) rated as excellent/good quality of evidence. However, substantial evidence for significant positive effects associated with VR therapy was found in most of the studies (88%), with no adverse events reported. Although the current evidence was limited, the findings suggested that VR-based rehabilitation in participants with SCI may lead to positive effects on aerobic function, balance, pain level, and motor function recovery with added benefits of improved psychological/motivational aspects. Further high-quality studies are needed to provide guidelines for clinical practice and to draw robust conclusions about the potential benefits of VR therapy for patients with SCI (de Araújo et al., 2019).
Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Severe spinal cord damage anywhere in the thoracic region produces paraplegia, paralysis of the torso and legs (loss of muscle control), plus loss of sensation. Thoracic level spinal cord injury also impairs the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system components of the autonomic nervous system including bladder, bowel, and sexual/reproductive functions, further discussed in Chapter 5, Lower Torso and Legs.
Bidirectional Neural Interfaces
Published in Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte, Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
Mikhail A. Lebedev, Alexei Ossadtchi
Of all organs in the human body, the brain is clearly the most unique. Composed of billions of neurons, the brain circuits constantly process multiple streams of information, perform motor and sensory functions, produce thoughts, and generate a vivid subjective experience of being conscious. We usually take for granted that we can effortlessly perform such complex tasks as commanding our body to move, walking, maintaining balance, generating speech, perceiving the visual world, and recognizing familiar faces. Unfortunately, this flawless neural processing can go wrong when neurological trauma or disease disrupt brain processing, making a person unable to speak, move, feel, attend, or remember. Currently, there is no cure for many devastating neurological conditions, such as spinal cord injury, stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Designing and implementing an electronic system to control moving orthosis virtual mechanical system to emulate lower limb
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2018
According to the World Health Organization Center, every year around the world, between 250,000 and 500,000 people suffer from a spinal cord injury. The term “spinal cord injury” refers to damage to the spinal cord resulting from trauma, or from disease. This injury has different effects on patients, including paraplegia, which may accrue if this damage is in the lower or upper part of the back. This causes some loss of trunk movement and complete or partial loss of leg movement. The aim of this work is restoration legged mobility in paraplegic. So that, in this paper an individual rehabilitation treatment approach has been proposed to regain the capacity to walk independently using an ambulatory robotic exoskeleton. The exoskeleton design is lightweight, bilateral wearable device, in which hip, knee and ankle are powered joints, that their movements are controlled by specific strategies using normal gait pattern investigated from healthy people.
TaylorCSROA-based Deep Residual Network: An Optimization driven Deep Network for the multilevel spinal cord disease classification
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
The diseases in the spinal cord blocked the nervous system which limits the mobility in the body and deteriorated the quality of life worldwide. Neural Foraminal Stenosis (NFS) has assaulted 80% of matured population, leading to disability in body and weakness in muscle (Kaneko et al. 2012). Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) accounts for about 90% of procedures in spine surgical, which induced incapacity in body function and chronic back pain (Han et al. 2018). Numerous clinical studies and research studies (Chaudhary and Pachori 2021a, 2021b; Nayak et al. 2021; Bhattacharyya et al. 2022) are performed for the diagnosis of various diseases including automatic segmentation of spine. Automatic segmentation helped in the treatment, statistical analysis and disease diagnosis (Alhassan and Zainon 2020). For instance, the spatial reference is given during spine segmentation for the identification of neighbouring posterior structures in chests as well as abdomens, hence leading to the realisation of full-body scan essentiality (Seo et al. 2005; Klinder et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2015). The trauma from accidents and falls leads to injury in the spinal cord. Through the -weighted as well as -weighted provinces, the sequence of the spinal cord is captured. The sequences determined the dissimilarity and intensity of spinal cord tissue. The repetition time (RT) and short echo time (ET) produced the -weighted image, whereas the RT and long TE produced the -weighted image. The modifications in the -weighted image are not immediately noticed in the case of ischaemia. Hyperintensity is determined on -weighted images in spinal cord injuries. Thus, the most effective diagnosis in the preliminary stage is T2-weighted imaging (Ahammad et al. 2019).