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Basics of Human Biology
Published in Masanori Shukuya, Bio-Climatology for Built Environment, 2019
The first sub-structure is the deepest portion of the brain, brain stem, which consists of medulla oblongata and pons, that is, located at the upper edge of spinal cord, and cerebellum; this portion is equivalent to the brain developed in the course of evolution from fish via amphibians to reptiles, in which the primary constituent of the environmental space changed from water to air and thereby animals developed their whole-body system so that they control not only the quantity but also the quality of both blood and lymph. The medulla oblongata and pons are responsible for breathing, heartbeat, water and food ingestion, digestion, blood-pressure control, coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting. The cerebellum is the centre for the smooth well-coordinated body movement in swimming, bicycling and so on, and also for the muscular movement in the throat and face in relation to speaking. These portions are considered to be very old since they correspond to the nerve types which emerged in the course of evolution from vertebrates, amphibians to reptiles.
Smart Textile-Based Interactive, Stretchable and Wearable Sensors for Healthcare
Published in Suresh Kaushik, Vijay Soni, Efstathia Skotti, Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and Intelligent Healthcare Systems, 2022
Abbas Ahmed, Bapan Adak, Samrat Mukhopadhyay
In critical care unit, respiration supervision is one of the crucial tasks by which patients’ mortality rate and need for ventilation can be prognosticated. Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata together with other autonomic functions. Respiratory system sends information of the oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide exchange and the volume of inhaled air (Folke et al. 2003, Quandt et al. 2015). Several approaches have been adopted for respiration monitoring and the common sensors can respond to the flow of breath, while the expansion and contraction of the chest during breathing can be monitored by textile based sensors. Strain sensor can provide information of these motion activities and the obtained data can be exploited for respiration rate supervision.
Tissue Structure and Function
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
The brainstem is the lower extension of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord. It is made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It transfers signals back and forth between various parts of the body and the cerebral cortex. Eye movement and facial motor control are coordinated in the midbrain, whereas bladder control, eye movement, respiration, hearing, and balance are coordinated by the pons.3,20 The medulla oblongata controls some reflexes, swallowing, respiration, and the cardiovascular system (blood pressure and heart beats).3,20 The thalamus aids in alertness and sleep patterns by coordinating motor and sensory signals traveling to the cerebral cortex.
Coup-contrecoup brain injury: fluid–structure interaction simulations
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2020
The brain can be structurally divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain–stem. The cerebrum is divided into two roughly equal hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum and a shared ventricular system. The brainstem is further divided into the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fills a system of cavities at the center of the brain, known as ventricles, and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord (Figure 2). The CSF cushions the brain within the skull and serves as a shock absorber for the central nervous system [4].
Elevated arousal following acute ammonia inhalation is not associated with increased neuromuscular performance
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Amy K. Campbell, Callum E. Williamson, Lewis J. Macgregor, D. Lee Hamilton
Despite the scarcity of evidence for their efficacy, AI use remains widely popular among those competing in sports such as powerlifting, weightlifting, track and field, boxing, American football, hockey and mixed martial arts (Velasquez, 2011). To help understand their popularity, we can explore the physiological responses induced by AI use. It is believed that ammonia inhalation triggers the trigeminal nerve via chemoreceptors within the nasal, oral and pulmonary mucosa (McCrory, 2006). The respiratory and vasomotor centres within the medulla oblongata respond to this irritation, promoting inhalation reflex and increased blood pressure leading to elevated respiration and heart rate (HR) (Loeschcke, 1973). Perry et al. (2016) evidenced this response, demonstrating increased middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and HR immediately following AI use (Perry et al., 2016). Furthermore, improved cerebral delivery of oxygenated blood and CNS excitation, result in increased consciousness and enhanced sympathetic activity. In terms of an advantageous effect for sporting performance, these responses could potentially elicit cognitive enhancement and increase central drive (Secrest et al., 2015). Equivocal findings of an effect of AIs on RFD (Bartolomei et al., 2018; Perry et al., 2016) compel further investigation; if there is, as suggested, an increase in central drive associated with AI use, elevated RFD would be expected, accompanied by a shortening of electromechanical delay (EMD), and therefore, overall reaction time (RT). These enhancements could be expected to promote an increase in peak power production, although to date the only study to report an AI-induced increase in peak power investigated performance in already-fatigued athletes (Secrest et al., 2015). Therefore, it remains unclear whether AIs can acutely enhance neuromuscular processes sufficiently to impact functional performance.