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Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The peripheral nervous system has two main subdivisions (Figure 1.6): The somatic nervous system, concerned with sensory input to the central nervous system and with motor output to skeletal muscle.The autonomic nervous system, concerned with the control of visceral functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiration, and perspiration. The autonomic nervous system has two main subdivisions: (i) the sympathetic nervous system, involved in the “fight-or-flight” response that mobilizes the body to respond to stressful or threatening conditions, and (ii) the parasympathetic nervous system, concerned with activities of the body at rest, such as digestion and waste elimination. Most organs and systems of the body receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation acting in opposition, thereby providing a more effective, finer control.
Mechanobiology of Bladder Urothelial Cells
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
Shawn Olsen, Kevin Champaigne, Jiro Nagatomi
The autonomic nervous system is divided into the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, which function in a complementary manner. Parasympathetic control of lower urinary tract function originates in the sacral spinal cord in the S2–S4 region [5,15]. Activation of the parasympathetic efferent nerves simultaneously causes bladder detrusor contraction (through the activation of M3 receptors by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine) and internal urethral smooth muscle relaxation (through the release of nitric oxide [NO]), thereby allowing voiding to occur. Sympathetic nerves related to the control of the lower urinary tract, which promote the storage of urine, emerge from the lower thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord in the T10–L2 region. These postganglionic nerves release noradrenaline, which inhibits contraction of the detrusor through β3 receptors and induces contraction of the internal urethral sphincter through α1 receptors [5]. Somatic motor nerves also originate from the S2–S4 region and release acetylcholine, activating nicotinic receptors and inducing contraction of the striated muscle fibers of the external urethral sphincter.
Health + well-being
Published in Rob Fleming, Saglinda H Roberts, Sustainable Design for the Built Environment, 2019
Rob Fleming, Saglinda H Roberts
Permanent hearing loss or damage is possible from exposure to noises over 80 dB from either sudden loud noise or exposure over time. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) has enacted codes and restrictions that limit decibel level, frequency, and duration of exposure to high-decibel noise. Even if there is no permanent hearing loss, excessive or continuous noise can be disruptive and cause other psychological reactions. It stimulates the autonomic nervous system, or the “fight or flight” response. This includes raised blood pressure, accelerated heart rate, contracted blood vessels, slow digestion, increased muscular tension, and hormone changes.
Mechanism of peripheral nerve modulation and recent applications
Published in International Journal of Optomechatronics, 2021
Heejae Shin, Minseok Kang, Sanghoon Lee
The PNS is divided into the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that handles involuntary movements (heart rate, breathing, digestion, etc.) and the somatic nervous system (SNS) that controls voluntary responses (muscle contraction, etc.). The autonomic nervous system is again divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system (and the enteric nervous system). Since the ANS regulates the functions of organs such as the small intestine, the large intestine, and the heart, it is being targeted for the treatment of various diseases by implanting bioelectronics into the relevant nerves (e.g., vagus nerve[2–4]). The SNS is classified into the sensory nervous system responsible for afferent signals and the motor nervous system responsible for efferent signals. In the case of the somatic nervous system, because it controls muscles for the movements of arms and legs, many researchers are targeting those nerves to improve the function of the bionic limbs,[5–7] as well as for therapeutic purposes such as muscle rehabilitation.[8,9]
Analysing IoT Data for Anxiety and Stress Monitoring: A Systematic Mapping Study and Taxonomy
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2022
Leonardo dos Santos Paula, Lucas Pfeiffer Salomão Dias, Rosemary Francisco, Jorge Luis Victória Barbosa
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is responsible for the management of the body’s involuntary activities, and it is composed by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) (Koopman et al., 2011). These systems are directly related to the physiological responses related to stress and anxiety since the SNS prepares the body to face an emergency and the PNS has the opposite effect, returning the body to a normal state (American Psychological Association, 2018).