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Telescopes for Inner Space: Fiber Optics and Endoscopes
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver and resecretes it when needed into the small intestine, thus aiding in the digestion of fatty foods. In some persons, cholesterol crystals, called gallstones, form within the gallbladder. Large ones can potentially block the bile ducts and cause sharp pains in the abdomen. Sometimes medication alone can dissolve these gallstones. Failing this treatment, persons suffering from this can live with occasional abdominal pain while maintaining a restricted low fat diet, or they can undergo surgery to have their gallbladder removed, an operation called cholecystectomy. In spite of the often acute abdominal pain, many persons once opted to live with the condition indefinitely when faced with the prospect of open surgery, which typically entails a one-week hospital stay, an extended recovery period lasting an average of six weeks, and a six-inch-wide surgical scar.
Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The chemical process of digestion begun in the stomach continues in the small intestine. The intestine secretes high volumes of digestive enzymes and fluids into the intestine’s interior. The intestine absorbs nutrients and fluids into the blood stream from the food material and digestive juices moving through the intestine. Normally, the volume of secretion is balanced by the volume of absorption. If you are dehydrated (your body needs more fluids), the balance will shift to extracting more fluid. If you are ill with an intestinal infection, the lining of the intestine may secrete normally but be unable to absorb fluids well, and you may have vomiting or diarrhea. Food that is not yet broken down continues to the large intestine, the colon, where the bacteria of the gut microbiome act on non-digestible materials. One of the by-products of bacterial activity in the colon is gas, which can cause abdominal pain and distension if it is not expelled from the body. Essential bacterial by-products and excess water are absorbed in the colon. Chapter 5 discusses the final digestive system actions, the storage of feces in the rectum and elimination of feces from the body.
Macrocyclic Receptors for Biomolecules and Biochemical Sensing
Published in Satish Kumar, Priya Ranjan Sahoo, Violet Rajeshwari Macwan, Jaspreet Kaur, Mukesh, Rachana Sahney, Macrocyclic Receptors for Environmental and Biosensing Applications, 2022
Satish Kumar, Priya Ranjan Sahoo, Violet Rajeshwari Macwan, Jaspreet Kaur, Mukesh, Rachana Sahney
Protein hydrolysates and peptides from natural resources can be used as ‘functional foods’ and ‘nutraceuticals’ based on their bioactivity or as technological components (Hajfathalian et al. 2018). In the body, proteins are broken down into peptides on digestion by endogenous enzymes in the gastrointestinal system. Recognition of peptides by macromolecular receptors is ubiquitous in nature. These are important targets for artificial receptors which could give insight into their recognition process, screening of peptide mixtures and their application in the nature of receptor response. The development of receptors for selective recognition of these biomolecules is desired for many technological, industrial, biomedical and environmental applications (Fredericks and Hamilton 1996).
Novel computer aided diagnostic system using hybrid neural network for early detection of pancreatic cancer
Published in Automatika, 2023
The pancreas, which is situated behind the stomach, controls blood sugar levels by releasing hormones into the digestive system. Unusual pancreatic lesions that are inflamed or proliferate are known as pancreatic cystic lesions (PCL). The pancreas, an organ located behind the lower stomach, develops pancreatic cancer in its tissue. The pancreas generates hormones that assist regulate blood sugar levels and releases enzymes to aid in digestion. In this respect, pancreatic cancer is the world's leading killer. In recent years, pancreatic cancer has become more prevalent. In 2018, there were roughly 1,665,540 new cases of the illness in the United States, and 585,720 of those cases resulted in death. Because of this, cancer is a serious issue that jeopardizes the health of all human cultures [1–3]. Unfortunately, this dysfunction affects the organization as a whole, and this choice serves as a crucial test for certain assertions and the suitability of the care that follows. The most prevalent cancers in people are bladder, lung, rectum, colon, and prostate. Women are more likely than men to have cancers in the bosom, lungs and bronchi, colon and rectum, uterine corpus, and thyroid, to name a few. According to these figures, prostate and breast cancer both account for a significant part of all cancer cases in people. Pancreatic cancer, as well as cancers of the mind and lymph nodes, has the highest mortality rates in children.
Detection and classification of gastrointestinal disease using convolutional neural network and SVM
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Melaku Bitew Haile, Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Belay Enyew, Abebech Jenber Belay
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and other organs which help the body to break down and absorb food. The gastrointestinal tract may be affected by a variety of diseases which affect its functionality. The domain of gastrointestinal endoscopy includes the endoscopic diagnosis of various digestive diseases using image analysis and various devices. Endoscopy is currently the preferred method for examining the gastrointestinal tract; however, previous studies have shown that there is a need for improvement as some classes are more difficult to identify than others. In this study, we proposed a concatenated neural network model by concatenating the extracted features of VGGNet and InceptionNet networks to develop a gastrointestinal disease diagnosis model. The deep convolutional neural networks VGGNet and InceptionNet are trained and used to extract features from the given endoscopy images. The proposed model achieves a classification accuracy of 98% and Matthews’s Correlation Coefficient of 97.8%, which is a significant improvement over previous techniques and other neural network architectures.
Standardization of life-cycle performance evaluation and application to suspension bridge with multiple pylons
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2020
Airong Chen, Dalei Wang, Rujin Ma, Zichao Pan
In medical science, for example, the human organism is divided into several systems, such as the circulatory system, respiratory system, and digestive system, each of which contains multiple organs. For instance, the digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, etc. Each organ can be further subdivided into several tissues, such as epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue, and each tissue can be divided into various types of cells. Therefore, the human organism can be divided into a hierarchy of levels with the structure of system, organ, tissue, and cell. By analogy, the long-span bridge can also be divided into a hierarchy of levels with a structure of system (cable bearing system), component (cables, suspenders, etc.), part (anchorage devices, steel wires, sheaths, etc.), and smaller part on different levels.