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Toxic Responses of the Lung
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
At the bottom of the throat are two passageways: the esophagus behind and the trachea in front. Food and liquids entering the pharynx pass into the esophagus. Air and other gases enter the trachea to go to the lung. Guarding the opening of the trachea is a thin structure called the epiglottis. This structure helps food glide from the mouth to the esophagus.
Gastrointestinal System
Published in Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals, 2019
e primary function of the gastrointestinal (GI) system (Figure 6.1) is to supply the body with nutrients and water. e ingested food is moved along the alimentary canal at an appropriate rate for digestion, absorption, storage, and expulsion. To fulll the various requirements of the system, each organ has adapted one or more functions. e esophagus acts as a conduit for the passage of food into the stomach for trituration and mixing. e ingested food is then emptied into the small intestine, which plays a major role in the digestion and absorption processes. e chyme is mixed thoroughly with secretions and it is propelled distally (1) to allow further gastric emptying, (2) to allow for uniform exposure to the absorptive mucosal surface of the small intestine, and (3) to empty into the colon. e vigor of mixing and the rate of propulsion depend on the required contact time of chyme with enzymes and the mucosal surface for ecient performance of digestion and absorption. e colon absorbs water and electrolytes from the chyme, concentrating and collecting waste products that are expelled from the system at appropriate times. All of these motor functions are performed by contractions of the muscle layers in the GI wall (Figure 6.2).
Designing for Head and Neck Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The pharynx, the space lying behind the nasal and oral cavities, and behind the larynx in the neck, extends between the trachea and the vertebral bodies to the level of the cricoid cartilage. The pharynx works with the epiglottis to move food into the digestive tract or air into the larynx. Food travels from the mouth through the oropharynx to the laryngopharynx, the section of the pharynx behind the voice box, then into the esophagus to the stomach. The flexible esophagus, a flat fibromuscular tube, links the mouth and the stomach. It expands to accommodate a mouthful of food after you swallow. The smooth muscles in the wall of the esophagus contract sequentially to squeeze the food through the esophagus to the stomach.
Plant pharmacology: Insights into in-planta kinetic and dynamic processes of xenobiotics
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Tomer Malchi, Sara Eyal, Henryk Czosnek, Moshe Shenker, Benny Chefetz
Absorption in human pharmacology describes the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood stream (Buxton & Benet, 2013). For orally administered compounds, the site of absorption is the gastrointestinal tract, composed of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The corresponding system in plants is the rhizosphere continuum; i.e. the rhizosphere (soil and water adjacent to the root), the rhizoplane (root surface area, epidermis and mucigel), and the endosphere (root cortex and endodermis) (Bakker et al., 2013; de la Fuente Cantó et al., 2020; York et al., 2016). In plant pharmacology, absorption is the compound's movement from the rhizosphere to the plant's root plasmodesmata, i.e. the cytoplasmic channels between cells providing intracellular continuity along the symplast. The plasmodesmata are analogous to gap junctions between animal cells, serving an essential role in intercellular communication (Bloemendal & Kück, 2013). Once in the symplast, compounds are able to interact with various cellular organelles, proteins and enzymes within the cytoplasm matrix (Taiz et al., 2014). Compounds may also be absorbed via direct exposure of foliage, however this is considered a less relevant route for wastewater-derived xenobiotics which are introduced via irrigation and is thus not included in further discussion in this paper.
Detection and classification of gastrointestinal disease using convolutional neural network and SVM
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Melaku Bitew Haile, Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Belay Enyew, Abebech Jenber Belay
Takiyama et al. (2018) proposed an alternative CNN-based classification model for categorizing the anatomical location of the human digestive tract. This technique could classify EGD images into four large anatomical locations (larynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) and three subcategories for stomach images (upper, middle, and lower regions). A predetermined CNN architecture called GoogleNet was used for this classification problem, which achieved a high performance.
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
The term ‘Alcoholic beverages’ refers to a wide group of drinks that are produced by fermentation. Alcohol consumption produces cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, colorectum, liver (hepatocellular carcinoma), and female breast.