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Environmental factors contribute to skeletal muscle and spinal cord regeneration
Published in David M. Gardiner, Regenerative Engineering and Developmental Biology, 2017
Ophelia Ehrlich, Yona Goldshmit, Peter Currie
In addition to the glial-supported axonal regeneration in fish, spinal lesions also trigger local neurogenesis. These neurons, including motor neurons and interneurons, originating from the cells located at the lesion site, generate a short time after SCI (Bernstein and Bernstein 1969; Bernstein and Gelderd 1970; Becker et al. 1997; Reimer et al. 2008, 2009), followed by a complete functional locomotor recovery in the absence of glial scarring several weeks post-SCI. These neurons are generated through asymmetric division from the ependymal layer at the central canal. The FGF2 is associated with this process in urodele amphibians and zebrafish (Zhang et al. 2000). The FGF2 expression is increased in the ependymal layer after tail amputation and later in regenerating neurons. Exogenous FGF2 further increased the proliferation of these in vivo, which strongly supports an important role for this factor in spinal cord regeneration.
Associations between lower back pain and job types in South Korean male firefighters
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
The grade of abnormal disc herniation was assessed for lumbar (L)1–L2, L2–L3, L3–L4, L4–L5 and L5–sacrum (S)1. Herniation was divided into four grades according to the extent of disc displacement (grade 0 = normal, grade 1 = bulging, grade 2 = protrusion, grade 3 = extrusion and grade 4 = sequestration) [19]. For the purpose of this study, grades 0 and 1 were defined as ‘no’ and the others were defined as ‘yes’. The grade of central canal stenosis was assessed for L1–L2, L2–L3, L3–L4, L4–L5 and L5–S1, and divided into four groups according to the grading system by Lee et al. [20] (grade 0 = no lumbar stenosis without obliteration of anterior cerebrospinal fluid space, grade 1 = mild stenosis with separation of all cauda equina, grade 2 = moderate stenosis with some cauda equina aggregation and grade 3 = severe stenosis with none of the cauda equina separated). For the purpose of this study, grade 0 was defined as ‘no’ and the others were defined as ‘yes’.
Effects of a contusion load on spinal cord with different curvatures
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Qian-qian Yu, Si-qing Liu, Jian-jie Wang, Meng-lei Xu, Wen-xuan Zhang, Li-ming Cheng, Rui Zhu
When investigating spinal cord injury, the pia matter must be considered. The impact from the front of the spinal cord may cause more severe consequences and should be taken more care. A back-to-front load damaged the structure around the central canal and a front-to-back contusion load damaged the anterior horn of the spinal cord at most time. From the view of the maximum stress, the lordotic curvature didn’t show significant buffering effect. However, pathological curvature was more vulnerable when shocked and lordotic curvature showed some benefits from the view of stress distribution,