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Tissue Structure and Function
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
Astrocytes are star-shaped neuroglia that are present in the spinal cord and brain (CNS). They supply nutrients to neurons, physically support neurons, repair damaged nervous tissue, bind neurons to capillaries, and maintain the blood-brain barrier (Figure 4.26). Astrocytes facilitate some communication between neurons by wrapping around neural synapses and through the release of neurotransmitters such as glutamate. Ependymal cells are ciliated neuroglia that are found within the walls of ventricles (cavities) in the brain and in the spinal cord (Figure 4.27). In the ventricles, the ependymal cells secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which surrounds the brain protecting it from physical injury and removing toxins from around the brain, depositing them into the bloodstream.
Neural Stem Cells and Oligodendrocyte Progenitors in the Central Nervous System
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Jennifer A. Jackson, Diana L. Clarke
When glioblast formation ceases shortly after birth, the germinal VZ disappears throughout the neuroaxis and many of the remaining neuroepithelial cells become ependymal cells. The ependymal cells persist throughout adulthood lining the luminal surface of the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These cells possess multiple cilia on their apical surface that effectively move the cerebral spinal fluid throughout these regions. Similarly, the SVZ, decreases in size and persists immediately adjacent to the ependymal cell layer throughout most of the ventricular regions of the brain. However, a SVZ region is not present in the developing or mature regions of the spinal cord.
Central nervous system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The fourth ventricle is a midline structure situated behind the pons and in front of the cerebellum. It is diamond shaped from above and presents two lateral recesses on either side that pass inferiorly and anteriorly. It is continuous inferiorly with the central canal of the spinal cord. The fourth ventricle communicates with the subarachnoid space via three foramen, one central, one in the roof, known as foramen of Magendie, and one in the roof of each of the lateral recesses, known as foramen of Luschka. The ventricular system is lined with ciliated epithelium, termed ependyma.
Advances in CSF shunt devices and their assessment for the treatment of hydrocephalus
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Kamran Aghayev, Sheikh MA Iqbal, Waseem Asghar, Bunyad Shahmurzada, Frank D. Vrionis
CSF shunt devices have high failure rates with 30–40% of them within the first year and almost 50% during the first two years [20]. This high failure rate is due to the inherent complications associated with CSF shunt devices and include: infection, shunt malfunction and catheter obstruction [21,22]. It’s been demonstrated that the main cause of shunt malfunction is the obstruction of the ventricular catheter (VC) [23–25]. This obstruction is caused by ingrowth of the choroid plexus, ependyma, brain parenchyma or inflammatory tissue into catheter holes as a reaction to foreign body. This problem is also important from management standpoint since obstructed catheter needs surgical retrieval. However, blind pulling may result in choroid plexus laceration and cause profound bleeding unnoticed by the surgeon. Open or endoscopic ventricular catheter retrieval are alternatives to blind pulling yet they increase operative time and predispose to additional complications. In some cases, the surgeon may opt out retrieval and insert a new catheter from other point. Decreasing the tissue reaction with catheter blockage is one of the most important shunt development directions.
A pilot toxicology study of biogenic silver nanoparticles: in vivo by intraperitoneal and intravenous infusion routes in rats
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2019
C. Ashajyothi, R. Kelmani Chandrakanth
Bio-AgNPs treated spleen tissue did not show any changes in its morphology (Figure 4). In H&E-stained brain sections of rats by i/v and i/p administration showed no changes in multiple brain regions, including most prominently the olfactory bulb (perivascular localisation) and the choroid plexus and ependyma of the lateral ventricles (Figure 6).