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The Biosphere
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
The biomolecules that constitute matter in living organisms are often polymers with molecular masses of the order of a million or even larger. As discussed later in this chapter, these biomolecules may be divided into the categories of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Proteins and nucleic acids consist of macromolecules, lipids are usually relatively small molecules, and carbohydrates range from small sugar molecules to high molar mass macromolecules such as those in cellulose.
Facile Chemical Fabrication of Designer Biofunctionalized Nanomaterials
Published in Vineet Kumar, Praveen Guleria, Nandita Dasgupta, Shivendu Ranjan, Functionalized Nanomaterials I, 2020
The bioconjugation of nanoparticles is the functionalization of nanoparticles with a biomolecule using any of the above-described coupling strategies. A variety of natural organic molecules that play a vital role in supporting the structure or function of biological processes and cells can be selected and customized for bioconjugation to serve the purpose of biofunctionalization. Biomolecules include small molecules such as lipids, peptides, antibiotics, drugs, or vitamins, and large molecules include natural polymers such as proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA). Biomolecule–nanoparticle conjugates form the hybrid structure amalgamating unique properties and functionality of both the inorganic particle and its counterpart, the functional biomolecule. Physico-chemical properties of the biomolecule, like fluorescent or magnetic property and functional properties like molecular recognition or catalytic property are exploited. (Figure 2.4). Biomolecules such as proteins (antibodies, enzymes, protein/peptide), nucleic acid (DNA/RNA), or carbohydrates are conjugated to nanoparticles via linker molecule. The biofunctionalized nanoparticle employed for therano-diagnostic applications in the field of bionanomedicine.
Nanoparticles Carrying Biological Molecules
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2020
Suryani Saallah, Wuled Lenggoro
The nanoparticle-carrying biological molecules or, in short, NP–biomolecule conjugate is characterized by the association of one or more biologically relevant molecules at the interface of an NP (Algar et al., 2011; Sapsford et al., 2013). Biomolecules of interest may include all forms of proteins and peptides, antibodies, enzymes, nucleic acids, or oligonucleotides such as aptamers, carbohydrates, and lipids. Biologically active small molecules such as contrast agents and reporters are also included.
A bioanalytical approach for assessing the effects of soil extracts from solid waste dumpsite in Calabar (Nigeria) on lipid and estrogenic signaling of fish Poeciliopsis lucida hepatocellular carcinoma-1 cells in vitro and in vivo African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Oju Richard Ibor, Essa Ahsan Khan, Augustine Arkuwe
The control of bioenergetics is important for optimal physiology, survival and functioning in organisms, and alterations of this homeostatic balance attributed to their contaminant exposure may lead to chronic disease states (Barbosa et al. 2023; Dale et al. 2020). Lipids are biomolecules employed as metabolic triggers, essential components of cellular membranes and signaling molecules (Forman et al. 1997). To control essential components of normal physiology (Forman, Chen, and Evans 1997), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are regarded as super regulating substances of lipid balance by control of the equilibrium between usage and storage of fatty acids (FAs). PPARs belong to the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptor (Leaver et al. 2007), that control adipose tissue differentiation, cell proliferation and tissue repair, regulation of energy balance (Michalik et al. 2006; Qi, Zhu, and Reddy 2000). The expression of ppar-α and ppar-γ are relatively important, as these receptors may compete for the same ligands, the retinoid x receptor (rxr, their dimerization partner), and other cofactors (Qi, Zhu, and Reddy 2000).
A comprehensive review of corrosion inhibition of aluminium alloys by green inhibitors
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2023
Mulky Lavanya, Joydeep Ghosal, Padmalatha Rao
One of the encouraging compounds that can be used as a safe corrosion inhibitor is amino acids. They are biomolecules essential to all living things and serve as the building blocks for proteins and other necessary chemicals such as nucleic acids, hormones and neurotransmitters. Amino acids are harmless, environmentally-benign chemicals that are highly soluble in water. They can also be synthesised at a low cost with great purity [52]. The use of amino acids as localised corrosion inhibitors is essential from a theoretical standpoint. Any substituent that affects the electronic structure and nucleophilic characteristics is useful in preventing localised corrosion; these molecules are highly accounted for as good corrosion inhibitors.[53].