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RNA Structure and Folding
Published in Peixuan Guo, Kirill A. Afonin, RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics, 2022
RNA is a biopolymer composed of ribose sugar based on nucleic acids and made up of primarily four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uridine (U). RNA structure is a concept of the shape determined by interactions of the four bases. The sequence order of the bases in the polymer and the base paring, G pairs with C, and A pairs with U lead to the folding of the RNA.
Organic Chemistry
Published in Steven L. Hoenig, Basic Chemical Concepts and Tables, 2019
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the carrier of genetic information. The other type of nucleic acid, RNA, is mostly involved in protein synthesis. DNA and RNA are comprised of monomers called nucleotides. The nucleotides combine with each other to form a polynucleotide, DNA or RNA. Three components comprise each nucleotide: a nitrogenous base (a pyrimidine or purine derivative), a pentose (ribose or deoxyribose) sugar, and a phosphate group. Each nitrogenous base in a nucleotide is attached to a sugar molecule, which is attached to a phosphate group. An RNA nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, ribose and adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil. A DNA nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, deoxyribose and adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.
A review of DNA sequence data analysis technologies and their combination with data mining methods
Published in Lin Liu, Automotive, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, 2017
Tiange Yu, Yang Chen, Bowen Zhang
Nucleic acid, especially DNA, is the informational molecule in cells that carries the genetic instructions for growth, development, functions and reproduction of all known cellular organisms and many viruses. The intensively studied human genome contains around 2.85 billion nucleotides and it took 13 years to handle all the sequences in the Human Genome Project. Analysis of DNA sequences is essential for reaching a deep understanding of the functions and regulation of genes, which could result in improv ements from many aspects, including personalized medicine, agriculture, forensics, etc (J. Shendure and H. Ji, 2008). Since there are different sequence features for different functional DNA fragments, DNA data mining is the key to identify the specific DNA fragments and their regulatory interactions efficiently (M. J. Zaki, 2007).
Potential strategies to prevent encrustations on urinary stents and catheters – thinking outside the box: a European network of multidisciplinary research to improve urinary stents (ENIUS) initiative
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Ali Abou-Hassan, Alexandre Barros, Noor Buchholz, Dario Carugo, Francesco Clavica, Petra de Graaf, Julia de La Cruz, Wolfgang Kram, Filipe Mergulhao, Rui L Reis, Ilya Skovorodkin, Federico Soria, Seppo Vainio, Shaokai Zheng
Many pathogenic pathways depend on an insufficient or, to the contrary, excessive production of certain proteins [32]. More recently, antisense strategies were explored to address cancer, infectious diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, and metabolic conditions [33]. Antisense technology is a method that interferes with protein production. It can therefore be used in diseases in which the over- or underproduction of a specific protein plays a crucial role. The principle is that an antisense nucleic acid sequence base pairs with its complementary sense RNA strand and prevents it from being translated into a protein [32] or interferes with its functional aspects [34]. Being a target-specific approach, it is highly attractive for treating underlying molecular disease pathways [33].
A Comprehensive Literature of Genetics Cryptographic Algorithms for Data Security in Cloud Computing
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2023
Ozgu Can, Fursan Thabit, Asia Othman Aljahdali, Sharaf Al-Homdy, Hoda A. Alkhzaimi
Recently, bio-molecular computation has accelerated its growth as it has been applied in a cryptographic field. A new prototype of cryptography called genetic cryptography has just been developed. An optimization method built on Darwin’s idea of natural selection is known as a genetic algorithm. The genetic algorithm repeatedly modifies the collection of individual solutions. Various researchers have recently shown interest in the potential field of genetic cryptography techniques (Kolate and Joshi 2021). A unique genetic code consisting of monomers known as deoxyribose nucleotides is thought to exist in deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA).
Elucidating the effect of different amino-functionalized spherical mesoporous silica characteristics on ribonucleic acid selectivity and adsorption capacity
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2018
Ryouichi Hikosaka, Fukue Nagata, Masahiro Tomita, Katsuya Kato
We purified RNA from a mixture containing DNA and RNA using MCM-41c 12/1, which we had found to have a high RNA adsorption capacity and RNA/DNA value. We suspected that the nucleic acid adsorption occurred in a similar manner to the electrostatic interactions between the surface amino groups on silica and the phosphate groups of nucleic acids, because DNA and RNA have a similar sugar–phosphate backbone. In this section, we investigated the possibility that competitive adsorption of DNA and RNA occurs on amino-silica materials, and looked how they could be used for RNA purification.