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Advanced manufacturing and high-quality materials
Published in Natalia Yakovleva, Edmund Nickless, Routledge Handbook of the Extractive Industries and Sustainable Development, 2022
Kazuyo Matsubae, Eiji Yamasue, Hisao Ohtake
One of the major concerns in phosphorus supply is the procurement of phosphate ore. There are precious few ore mining sites, with Morocco, China, and the United States accounting for approximately 75% of the global production of phosphate ore (USGS, 2020), as shown in Figure 16.2. Due to the occasional manipulation of the supply of phosphate as a domestic economic strategy in the mining countries, there have been instances of rapid escalation and wide fluctuations in the price of phosphorus-based products, which have had a global impact. Some of the events which have greatly impacted supply and therefore the price of products include the decision in the United States to cease exporting phosphate ore at the end of the 20th century, and the massive increase of export tariffs imposed by China on phosphate ore (20% in 2007, 120% in 2008, and then 35% in 2009) (USGS, 2020). Another cause for concern is that the grade of phosphate ore is in decline. Due to this, greater amounts of phosphate rock need to be exploited, potentially escalating the price and damaging the environment surrounding the mining sites, as shown in Figure 16.3 (Kauwenbergh, 2014).
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Published in Frank R. Spellman, Fundamentals of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology, 2021
Phosphorus has a complicated story. Pure, elemental phosphorus (P) is rare. In nature, phosphorus usually exists as part of a phosphate molecule (PO4). Phosphorus in aquatic systems occurs as organic phosphate and inorganic phosphate. Organic phosphate consists of a phosphate molecule associated with a carbon-based molecule, as in plant or animal tissue. Phosphate that is not associated with organic material is inorganic, the form required by plants. Animals can use either organic or inorganic phosphate. Both organic and inorganic phosphate can either be dissolved in the water or suspended (attached to particles in the water column).
Environmental Biomonitoring, Sampling, and Testing
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Water, 2020
Phosphorus has a complicated story. Pure, “elemental” phosphorus (P) is rare. In nature, phosphorus usually exists as part of a phosphate molecule (PO4). Phosphorus in aquatic systems occurs as organic phosphate and inorganic phosphate. Organic phosphate consists of a phosphate molecule associated with a carbon-based molecule, as in plant or animal tissue. Phosphate that is not associated with organic material is inorganic, the form required by plants. Animals can use either organic or inorganic phosphate.
Enhanced phytoremediation of hexavalent chromium contamination in phosphate mining wasteland by a phosphate solubilizing bacterium
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2022
Yunting Zheng, Yizhong Li, Shuyu Guo, Junxia Yu, Ruan Chi, Chunqiao Xiao
Phosphate is one of the crucial factors in the growth of plant. It can not only facilitate the development of plant branches, accelerate plant growth, but also increase the rate of nutrient delivery (Zhao et al. 2021). The results of plant-microbe combined remediation of Cr-contamination is shown in Table 3. Compared with the control group (Control-CK), the phosphate concentration in the root of the Pteris vittata grown in Cr100-CK decreased by 31.58%, and the phosphate concentration in the shoot decreased by 18.76%. It confirmed the toxic effect of Cr, indicated that Cr has an inhibitory effect on plant uptake of phosphate. However, compared with Cr100-CK, the phosphate concentration in Pteris vittata root increased by 246.15%, and in shoot by 143.75% in PR + Cr100-CK. The same trend was observed in the group PR + Cr100-PMW-03 and the control group without PR (Cr100-PMW-03). The results showed that the increase of soil available phosphate was the primary cause for the increase of phosphate content in plants.
Removal of phosphate by Staphylococcus aureus under aerobic and alternating anaerobic–aerobic conditions
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Malairajan Sumathi, Namasivayam Vasudevan
Phosphorus is a vital element for all living forms and a major limiting nutrient for algae and plants. Phosphate acts as a major ingredient in the food, feed, detergent, fertilizer and other chemical industries. Anthropogenic activities and industrial discharges increase phosphate concentration in the water bodies causing eutrophication [1–3]. Biological phosphate removal is achieved by phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) [4,5] by ‘overplus’ or ‘luxury’ phosphate uptake [6–9]. Polyphosphates, the storage polymers, act as energy reserve and are involved in the regulation of enzyme activity, regulation of gene expression and stress adaptation [10] With culture-dependent techniques many bacteria responsible for phosphate removal in wastewater treatment plants were identified but Acinetobacter sp. was reported to be the prominent organism responsible for phosphate removal. However, molecular culture-independent studies have revealed PAO’s belonging to Rhodocyclus related Betaproteobacteria and gammaproteobacteria in enhanced biological phosphate removal (EBPR) plants [8].
Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms to enhance phytoremediation of excess phosphorus pollution in phosphate mining wasteland soil
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2021
Shuyu Guo, Bo Feng, Chunqiao Xiao, Qi Wang, Ruan Chi
The exploitation of phosphate rocks has been significantly increased in recent decades, which generates a large amount of solid mining waste and causes many environmental problems (da Conceição et al. 2016; Sun et al. 2018; Yuan et al. 2019). Phosphate mining wasteland is mainly formed by the surface stripped soil and waste ore slag piled up during the mining of phosphate rocks, where the vegetation and landscape have been greatly degraded (Lazareva and Pichler 2007; Othman and Al-Masri 2007). Due to the long periods of rainfall, wastewater containing excess phosphorus (P) is formed, resulting in a eutrophication (Reta et al. 2019). Therefore, it is necessary to find a method to reduce soil P contamination of phosphate mining wasteland.