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Calcium Phosphate and Bioactive Glasses
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Osmar A. Chanes-Cuevas, José L. Barrera-Bernai, Iñigo Gaitán-S., David Masuoka
Some types of bioactive glasses or bioglasses have shown the ability to bind to the bone, these have also been considered as a type of bioceramics. From the point of view of materials science, the difference between glasses and ceramics is that glasses are amorphous materials, that is, their atoms do not have a long-range three-dimensional arrangement, as if they have crystalline materials.
Properties of Engineering Materials
Published in Keith L. Richards, Design Engineer's Sourcebook, 2017
Advances in materials research and technology offer great promise for the future. Materials science forms the foundation for engineers in engineering and product development, because the structures, components, and devices that engineers design are limited by the properties of the materials available and the techniques that can be used for fabrication.
The Spirit of Science
Published in Yongyuth Yuthavong, Sparks from the Spirit, 2018
Materials science is a study of the structures and properties of materials, rangingfrom metals, ceramics, polymers, and biomaterials though composite materials, together with the methods for their fabrication. It is a hybrid science consisting of elements of chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering. The structures of materials are studied from the atomic level (dimension of 10−10 m) through nano- and microstructural levels (10−9–10−6 m). They can be studied through microscopic (using light, electrons, or atomic force), spectroscopic (using light and other radiations), and other methods. The bulk properties of materials include mechanical, electrical, thermal, chemical, optical, and magnetic properties. They depend on the types of atoms and molecules and interactions among them. Processing and engineering of materials are important in determining their bulk properties and performance. Bulk properties also depend on the sizes of particles that constitute the materials, as, for example, nanoparticles (dimension of 1–100 nm, or 10−9 m), which form various nanomaterials, such as surface coatings, textile, cosmetics, and medical formulations. Nanochemistry, a hybrid science of chemistry with physics and engineering, has led to the fabrication of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphenes, and fullerenes with remarkable mechanical and electrical properties. Carbon nanotubes are used in applications such as energy storage, automotive parts, sporting goods, and electronic materials. There is some concern about the safety of nanoparticles, since they have dimensions that may allow penetration to various parts of the human body. These materials therefore are subject to extra safety management as a precaution.
A historical review of the traditional methods and the internal state variable theory for modeling composite materials
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
Ge He, Yucheng Liu, T. E. Lacy, M. F. Horstemeyer
Compared to traditional single-phase materials such as metals, ceramics and polymers, composite materials offer numerous advantages including high stiffness/strength-to-weight ratios, excellent energy absorption and dissipation capacity, outstanding monotonic and fatigue strengths, and directional stiffness. Because of their unique properties, composite materials are now being extensively used in many industries such as aerospace, marine, aviation, transport, sport/leisure, and civil engineering industries. In material science, composite refers to a material made from two or more constituents with different physical and chemical properties, and the resulting composite material usually has properties superior to each of its constituents. This outstanding performance of the resulting composites depend upon the type and properties of their reinforcements such as fibers, particles, carbon nanotubes, as well as the matrix materials including polymers, metals, and ceramics. Figure 1 presents a general classification of composites based on their matrix materials and types of reinforcement. Desired mechanical performance of the composites under different loading conditions can be achieved through appropriate combinations of the matrix and reinforcement. For example, Figure 2 lists different mechanical responses and damage modes exhibited from fiber reinforced composites (FRCs), popular composites used in industry, with different matrix materials.
Large amplitude free vibration of porous skew and elliptical nanoplates based on nonlocal elasticity by isogeometric analysis
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
With the rapid developments of technology, material science is playing a critical role in the progress of many engineering fields. The mechanical behaviors of several kinds of composite material such as functionally graded material [1–4], fiber metal laminates [5–8], and porous material [9–12] have drawn increasing attention of researchers. As one of advanced materials, porous materials with cellular structures are popular due to their special characteristics such as high specific strength, low specific weight, prominent energy absorption, excellent heat dissipation, and stress concentration elimination. In recent years, many researchers have studied the mechanical behaviors of porous structures made of composites and pure metal with uniform and graded porosity distributions through thickness and in-plane directions. For pure metal foams, a brief review of relevant literature is presented hereinafter.