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Ceramic Armour
Published in Paul J. Hazell, Armour, 2023
Commonly, soda–lime glass or slightly stronger and tougher borosilicate glass is used. Soda–lime glass contains a high percentage of soda ash to help with the manufacturing process; borosilicate glass contains a certain percentage of boron oxide, which provides better strength and thermal characteristics. The interlayers provide a flexible separation between layers of glass to account for thermal expansion and serve to contain any fractured glass. Depending on the threat level, different combinations of these layers form an array to prevent perforation by the projectile and provide a multi-hit capability.
Glasses
Published in William Bolton, R.A. Higgins, Materials for Engineers and Technicians, 2020
Ordinary ‘soda’ glass is made from a mixture of silica sand, soda ash (crude sodium carbonate) and lime (from limestone). Since glass is an easy product to recycle, large amounts of scrap glass, known as cullet, are used in glass manufacture. Large ‘tank’ furnaces, usually gas-fired and operating at 1590°C, hold up to 250 tonnes of molten glass produced from the raw materials and up to 90% cullet. The cullet comes mainly from ‘bottle banks' operated by municipal authorities. Almost half of bottles find their way to these ‘banks'.
Inorganic Polymers
Published in Charles E. Carraher, Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 2017
Glass is a complex material and in that complexity is a possibility to use it in many different ways. Here, we will briefly introduce some of the newer applications for glass. Remember that glass is largely silicon dioxide—it can be readily available and inexpensive, it is generally scratch resistant, somewhat strong and flexible, and it has good optical transparency. This combination allows many varied applications for glass. Glass is somewhat tunable to give products with varying properties through the introduction of “impurities,” additives, and surface treatments.
The mechanism of alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete/mortar and its mitigation by using geopolymer materials and mineral admixtures: a comprehensive review
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2022
Muhammad Usama Salim, Mohammad Ali Mosaberpanah
Waste glass powder (WGP) is a product that is obtained by very fine grinding of glass material. Glass is very versatile that can be recycled repeatedly without a change in its composition (Shayan & Xu, 2004). Waste glass is largely used in the construction industry as an aggregate and as a partial replacement of cement (Carpenter & Cramer, 1999). WGP is a very good pozzolanic material and various research has been conducted to check its pozzolanic nature (Carsana et al., 2014; Nassar & Soroushian, 2012; Nwaubani & Poutos, 2013). For example, Shi et al. (2005) explained that the pozzolanic activity of WGP is inversely proportional to its size. The mortar samples with WGP having a particle size of 100 μm showed the strength activity index (SAI) of 74% but SAI increased by 49% when particle size was reduced to 10 μm. This is due to the particle size of WGP being crucial, bigger size may not give better pozzolanic activity and may assist ASR, so, to achieve better pozzolanic activity from WGP the particle size should be less than 75 μm and WGP does not show pozzolanic activity beyond 300 μm particle size (Kim et al., 2015; Nwaubani Sunny & Konstantinos, 2013; Vijayakumar et al., 2013). Glass is an amorphous material enriched with silica that develops cementitious properties in it (Federico & Chidiac, 2009; Jin et al., 2000). The chemical composition of WGP is given in Figure 14.
Cu metallisation on glass substrate with through glass via using wet plating process
Published in Transactions of the IMF, 2021
M. Takayama, K. Inoue, H. Honma, M. Watanabe
Not only the packaging technology, but also the core materials are required to have high insulation and smoothness to enable higher speed and lower loss transmission. Glass, therefore, is a highly anticipated candidate due to its smoothness and high insulation. Glass has various useful properties. For example, common soda lime glass is used for building materials. Borosilicate glass is highly resistant to thermal shock and is often used in beakers for physics and chemistry and heat-resistant containers. Quartz glass has the highest light transmittance among glasses and has a heat resistance of 1500°C or higher. Carrier glass is known for being used for transparent substrate materials for liquid crystal televisions, and for being used when processing silicon wafers. In recent years, the development of non-alkali glass for the electronics field has been promoted. It includes bendable and hard-to-break glass, zero thermal expansion glass, crystallised glass and other glasses that will overturn the image of conventional glass. More diverse use of glass is being expected.6 The authors believe these glass materials can also be applied to high-frequency and high-speed transmission devices that will be required in the future. Glass has good heat resistance, environment resistance and transparency. A glass panel substrate is easily scalable and can be applied at a lower cost than silicon and similar candidates.
Synthesis and characterization of [BaO-(10-x)ZrO2-TiO2-SiO2-xCrO3] type glass and glass ceramics
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2020
Zaireen Fatima, Ajaz Hussain, Chandkiram Gautam, Prakash Singh, Afroz Ahmed, Gulab Singh, Manoj Kumar Singh
Now a days, glass and glass ceramics become more popular owing to their traditional as well as advanced technological applications. Glass is a noncrystalline transparent, brittle solid material with elevated resistance to water and chemicals [1]. Due to its brittle nature, glass has no plastic deformation, and breaks suddenly when subjected to a stress exceeding its elastic limit [2]. Usually, glass and glass ceramic diverge in crystal structure, glass is amorphous and has no long-range order while glass ceramic is an inorganic material, and crystalline in nature [3,4]. Moreover, glass ceramics are brittle, chemically stable, and oxidation resistant, they formed when the parent glasses are heat-treated and thus undergo controlled crystallization [5–7]. Suitable heat treatment controls the number of crystals formed, the rate of growth and the final size of synthesized crystallites respectively [8]. Thus, the properties of produced glass ceramics are better than that of the parent glasses in many aspects. Numerous studies revealed that the structural, optical, and dielectric properties of various types of glassy compounds varied with the concentration of used additives [9–19].