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Windows, doors and stairs
Published in Derek Worthing, Nigel Dann, Roger Heath, of Houses, 2021
Derek Worthing, Nigel Dann, Roger Heath
Glass can also be: wired – where a mesh is embedded so that when damaged the glass tends to remain in position. This glass can be used in fire doors.toughened – where ordinary glass is subjected to a heating and cooling process which produces a material with a relatively high level of resistance to impact. If broken it will fall into small pieces and this has to be cut to size prior to the toughening treatment. It cannot be re-cut.laminated – as the name suggests, two or more panes of glass are bonded together with a layer of another material, usually plastic, between them. Laminated glass may be used as safety glass, generally for specific purposes, e.g. anti-bandit or bullet resistant. It is entirely translucent.Pyro glass – this glass has a much higher resistance to heat and flame and is often specified for fire doors where a clear glass – not a wired glass – is the requirement.
Glass
Published in Arthur Lyons, Materials for Architects and Builders, 2019
Laminated glass (Fig. 7.16) is produced by bonding two or more layers of glass together with a plastic interlayer of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) sheet. For curved laminates, the low-viscosity resin polymethyl methacrylate is more versatile. The lamination process greatly increases the impact resistance over annealed glass of the same thickness. Furthermore, on impact, while the glass laminations crack, they do so without splintering or disintegration, being held together by the interlayer. The form of breakage for laminated glass is defined in BS EN 12600: 2002. Laminated glass can be defined as a safety glass providing it achieves the appropriate class standard to BS 6206: 1981.
The grandstand roof of the Olympic stadium in Berlin
Published in Amin Heidarpour, Xiao-Ling Zhao, Tubular Structures XVI, 2018
The thickness of the about 3.0 to 5.0 m2 glass panels is mostly 2 × 10 mm. In the area of the Marathon Gate, panels with 2 × 12 mm were required for strength reasons. The composite effect of the laminated glass is ensured by a 1.5 mm thick PVB film. The panels are designed as “walk-through” for maintenance and cleaning purposes in addition to wind and snow loads. They are supported via stainless steel casting arms (so-called “spiders”) with ball joints and plate-like bearing areas.
Damage detection of an innovative composite slab-girder pedestrian bridge using vibration characteristics
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2022
Saima Ali, David Thambiratnam, Sabrina Fawzia, Khac Duy Nguyen, Haden Van Den Elsen, Ignacio Alvear Fujii
The literature informs that well known VBDD techniques and other methods were considered by the past researchers for identifying damages in the conventional pedestrian bridges. However, there is scope to explore the suitability of the popular VBDD techniques to detect and locate damage in the proposed innovative composite pedestrian bridges. This paper describes a combined numerical and laboratory-based experimental study undertaken to ascertain the potential of a VBDD technique for detecting and locating low levels of damage in the girder and deck of an innovative light and slender pedestrian bridge. Pedestrian bridges using light deck materials have received much attention over the past few years. Researchers have proposed new light deck materials such as aluminum (Dey, Walbridge, & Narasimhan, 2015), Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) (Votsis, Stratford, Chryssanthopoulos, & Tantele, 2017), Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Sa, Guerreiro, Gomes, Correia, & Silvestre, 2017; Wei, Russell, Zivanovic, & Mottram, 2017) and evaluated the performances of the bridge deck. In this study, a new bi-layer composite deck is considered by introducing GFRP at the bottom layer and laminated glass at the top layer of the bridge deck. Laminated GFRP is selected due to the advantages of light weight, ease of installation, aesthetics and being economical. Laminated glass is prepared using two pieces of glass with an interlayer of adhesive such as polyvinyl butyral. This material is easy to install, durable, tough and transparent.
Peridynamic method to determine energy absorption characteristics of ordinary glass under impact load
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2021
Pengfei Ma, Shuchen Li, Huiying Zhou, Shisen Zhao, Pengcheng Wang, Zeen Wan, Bin Zhi
As a type of transparent brittle material, glass has the characteristics of high strength, high hardness, and small strain, and it is widely used in daily life. Because of its good transparency, glass plays an important role in car, high-speed train, and aircraft windshield structures. Windshield glass has also been developed from an initial single layer to several interlayers, as the single-layer glass is easily broken when subjected to an impact. Laminated glass is composed of a plurality of glass and an organic polymer film between the glass layers, and it has strong resistance to breakage and good ductility, e.g. PVB laminated glass.
Application of passive measures for energy conservation in buildings – a review
Published in Advances in Building Energy Research, 2019
Farhad Amirifard, Seyed Amirhosain Sharif, Fuzhan Nasiri
The most important part of a fenestration system is the glazing as it has the largest area of the constituent parts. Thus, its U-value impacts the overall U-value of a window (Jelle et al., 2012). Recently glazing technologies have progressed tremendously. Glazing materials are presented in different forms such as multilayer glazing, suspended films, vacuum glazing, smart windows, solar cell glazing, self-cleaning glazing solar control glasses, insulating glass units, low emissivity (Low-E) coatings, evacuated glazing, aerogels and glazing cavity gas fills, just to name a few. Additional to glazing materials developments, many studies focus on improvements in frame and spacer designs (Quesada, Rousse, Dutil, Badache, & Hallé, 2012b). Both glass and plastic are common glazing material and can be clear, tinted, coated, laminated and obscured. There is a wide variety of tinted glass such as blue, grey, green and bronze. The high absorption rate of solar radiation by tinted glass can lead to reduction of the solar heat gain, visible transmittance, and glare. Coating of glasses is another method to improve the performance of glazed coating, which is typically applied in one or two surfaces of a glazing unit. The coating can be categorized in Low-Emissivity Coatings, Reflective Coatings, and Spectrally Selective Coatings. Laminated glass is made by sticking two panes of glass together, with a layer of clear, tinted or coated plastic placed in between. Obscured glass is used mostly for privacy and is translucent or decorative (ASHRAE, 2013). Sadineni et al. (2011) categorized glazing material based on their functions that include high performance insulation (HPI), solar gain control (SC), daylighting (DL), or a combination of these functions. They applied the above categorization to aerogel glazing, vacuum glazing, switchable reflective glazing, suspended particle devices (SPD) film and holographic optical elements.