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Ceramics and Composites
Published in Yip-Wah Chung, Monica Kapoor, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, 2022
Another technique to impose surface compressive stress is to control the cooling rate from the melt. This technique is commonly used in the manufacturing of tempered glass. When the molten glass is suddenly cooled by air jets, the surface solidifies while the inside of the glass is still liquid. Subsequent slow cooling causes the inside to become solid as well. The liquid-solid transformation causes a volume contraction, which results in a compressive stress on the glass surface. The latter provides the resistance against breaking. When the glass breaks, it does so as granular chunks and not as sharp jagged pieces, imparting an added degree of safety. This is why tempered glass is commonly used in car windshields, building windows, and prescription lenses.
Temper the glass
Published in Michael Wiklund, Kimmy Ansems, Rachel Aronchick, Cory Costantino, Alix Dorfman, Brenda van Geel, Jonathan Kendler, Valerie Ng, Ruben Post, Jon Tilliss, Designing for Safe Use, 2019
Michael Wiklund, Kimmy Ansems, Rachel Aronchick, Cory Costantino, Alix Dorfman, Brenda van Geel, Jonathan Kendler, Valerie Ng, Ruben Post, Jon Tilliss
Standard (i.e., annealed) glass can shatter into dangerous shards, whereas stronger, tempered glass, if subjected to enough destructive force, will disintegrate into small pieces that are less hazardous. Therefore, tempered glass, also known as toughened glass, or a type of safety glass, is used in applications where strength is needed and glass shards could injure people (e.g., in a glass elevator like the one on the right).
Inorganic Polymers
Published in Charles E. Carraher, Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 2017
While the front “windshield” is made of safety glass, the remainder of the automotive glass windows are generally made from tempered glass. Tempered glass is also used for commercial building doors and windows, sidelights, patio-door assemblies, storm doors, shower and tub enclosures, refrigerator, oven and stove shelves, and fireplace screens.
Online and real-time accurate prediction of tempered glass surface stress during quenching process
Published in Journal of Thermal Stresses, 2019
Gaowei Yue, Hengbo Wu, Hui Liu, Yanbing Li, Xinyuan Dun
Compared with ordinary glass, tempered glass has remarkable advantages of great impact strength and high safety performance, so tempered glass is widely applied in many industries, such as construction, furniture manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, household appliances manufacturing, electronic instruments, etc. [1–4]. With customers increasingly becoming more demanding, the production technology of tempered glass is improving continuously. The surface stress of tempered glass, as one of important index for evaluating tempered glass quality, needs to be tested many times for the products under each technological parameter in order to improve the quality and production efficiency, reduce production cost, and guide optimization in production [5].
Validating Resilient Detailing of Japanese Ceilings, Windows, and Wall Tiles Using an E-defense Shake-table Test
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Shotaro Yagi, Atsushi Teramoto, Trevor Yeow, Tsuyoshi Seike, Koichi Kusunoki, Izumi Nakamura
For glass, tempered glass or laminated glass are commonly used to mitigate the effect of glass failure caused by inter-story drift or collisions. When tempered glass cracks, it shatters into small pieces so that they do not pose life-safety risks if they fall. When the laminated glass cracks, interlayer sheets used between glass layers prevent it from shattering. Shatterproof film is also applied to the glass surface to prevent glass fragments from falling out (The Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association 2014).
Assessment of polycarbonate material as a sustainable substitute for glazing in hot climates
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2023
Mohammed Alhaji Mohammed, Mazin M. Menkabo, Ismail M. Budaiwi
‘Glasses offer protection from natural and manmade disasters. Safety glasses used for construction are annealed, heat-strengthened, toughened, and laminated’ (Teotia and Soni 2014). Annealed Glass can be identified as the type of glass that slowly cools to relieve internal stresses; after it is formed, glass can be cut by scoring and snapping (Teotia and Soni 2014). Heat-strengthened glass has higher impact resistance and resistance to thermal stresses than annealed Glass (Teotia and Soni 2014). Fully tempered glass can also be described as toughened, which undergoes a thermal toughening process (Teotia and Soni 2014). Tempered glass is usually utilised when high-impact resistance safety glass is required in industrial locations or for commercial use. In addition, there is also laminated Glass, which consists of one or more glass panes of plastic glazing material laminated by an interlayer (Weimar and López 2018). Previously discussed glass types are specifically for panes utilised in windows or skylights, which is more related to the impact resistance property of glass rather than thermal insulation. Therefore, the types of glass that are usually applicable to windows or skylights, which focus on thermal insulation, directly impact building energy consumption. One of the famous window glazing types is doubled glazed window, which reduces energy consumption compared to a single-glazed window by improving the material’s insulating properties via the provided air gap between the panes as a thermal barrier [(Aguilar-Santana et al. 2020) as cited in 22]. Another window type is the triple-glazed window system, which reduces thermal transmittance due to its additional insulation, making it more advanced in thermal transmittance. The triple-glazed fenestration system allows less solar heat gain than a double-glazed window (Hee et al. 2015). “Another factor that makes three-layer glazed superior is its thickness, which decreases the thermal conductivity of the window as the window layer increases” (Hee et al. 2015).